1. Struggles in the middle States
Section 3

2. I. British Take New York
June General Howe arrived in New York Harbor with 34,000 troops and 10,000 sailors (fighting shifted to middle colonies)
Washington, expecting Howe’s attack, led his 20,000 poorly trained troops to New York . He had no navy
August the Battle of Long Island occurred. more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded or captured. Americans had to retreat

3. D. War in Autumn
November 1776 Washington crossed the Hudson River into NJ, Being chased, they then crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania
Needing information for the New York battle, Washington sent Nathan Hale behind British Line. Hale was captured.
In Hale’s boot they found information about British movement. Hale was hanged. “ I only have one regret that I have but one life to lose for my country?

4. e. Retreat to victory
Months of constant fighting had worn down the Continental Army.
Washington’s troops were sick and dirty
Soldiers deserted from his ranks
2. Christmas night of Washington planned a surprise attack on Trenton (led troops across icy Delaware river)
3. December 26 - in the Battle of Trenton, Washington and his men captured the Hessians who were guarding Trenton

5. II. The Turning Point
British officials were disappointed how the war was going.
General John Burgoyne developed a new Plan -cut off New England from the rest of the colonies. He thought it would end the war
Howe captured Philadelphia in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. Then he went to Philadelphia for the winter instead of going on to Albany, NY
October 17,1777- Burgoyne surrendered his army at the Battle of Saratoga.
Battle of Saratoga convinced the French to help the Americans

6. III. French Aid
Ben Franklin persuaded Louis XVI to give guns and needed supplies to America.
February France was the first country to sign a treaty with America which stated they would provide military aid.
Spain and Netherlands also joined in the war.
France, Spain, and Netherlands gave loans to the US
Even before this, individual volunteers agreed to help
1. Marquis de Lafayette, French noble brought trained soldiers
2. Thaddeus Kosciusko , Polish engineer, helped build forts

7. IV. Valley Forge
The Continental Army spent the winter of in a makeshift camp called Valley Forge
Soldiers suffered due to little warm clothes, blankets, or food.
Patriots from all over sent food, clothing, blankets.
Some came to help the sick and wounded, including Martha Washington.
2,500 troops died before winter was over