1. Section 1 – Studying Human Populations
The Human Population
Section 1 – Studying Human Populations

2. Studying Human Populations
Demography - study of the characteristics of human populations

3. Developed and Developing Countries
Developed - higher average incomes
slower population growth
diverse industrial economies
stronger social support systems.

4. Developed and Developing Countries
Developing - lower average incomes
simple and agriculture-based economics
rapid population growth.

5. The Human Population Over Time
Exponential growth in the 1800s
population growth rates increased during each decade
Increases in food production
Improvements in hygiene
industrial and scientific revolution.

6. The Human Population Over Time
Unlikely Earth can sustain this growth for much longer

9. Age Structure
Age structure - classification of members of a population
Grouped by age or distribution of members of a population in terms of age groups
helps demographers make predictions

10. Age Structure High rates of growth Slow rates of growth
more young people than older people.
Slow rates of growth
even distribution of ages in the population.

12. Survivorship
Survivorship - percentage of newborns that can be expected to survive to a given age
predict population trends

13. Survivorship Wealthy countries Type I survivorship curve
most people live to be very old.
Type II populations - similar death rate at all ages.
Type III survivorship
very poor human populations in which many children die.
Both Type I and Type III may result in populations that remain the same size or grow slowly.

14. Fertility Rates
Fertility rate - number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age (usually 15 to 44).
Replacement level - average number of children each parent must have in order to “replace” themselves.

16. Migration
Migration - any movement of individuals or populations from one location to another.
Movement into an area is immigration and movement out of an area is emigration.

18. Declining Death Rates Increase in Earth’s population in last 200 years
death rates have declined more rapidly than birth rates.
Vaccines
Clean water
Food

19. Life expectancy
Life expectancy - average length of time that an individual is expected to live.
Affected by infant mortality, the death rate of infants less than a year old.

20. Demographic Transition
Demographic transition - general pattern of demographic change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
observed in the history of more- developed countries.

21. Transition Stages 1st stage – preindustrial stage
2nd stage – population explosion
3rd stage – population slows
Birth rate decreases
4th stage - birth rate drops below replacement level

23. Women and Fertility
Lower death rate of the second stage is usually the result of increased levels of education.
Women are able to contribute to their family’s increasing prosperity while spending less energy bearing and caring for children.

24. Cost of Growth Video Clip