1. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2015.175
Figure 2 NLRs
Figure 2 | Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). Various danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) activate the formation of inflammasomes and several inflammasomes containing different sensor proteins such as NLRP1, NLRP3, IPAF, NLRP6, RIG-I and AIM2, have been described. The majority of inflammasomes require ASC to recruit caspase-1 and promote maturation and secretion of proinflammatory IL-1β. The activation of TLR4 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the activation of NF-κB and enhances the transcriptional activities of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1 β. DAMPs, such as a high fat diet, promote production of reactive oxygen species from the mitochondria and DAMPs such as nanoparticles, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD), silica, asbestos, β-amyloid, and cholesterol crystals cause lysosomal rupture and release of cathepsins, which all activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. PAMPs, such as pore-forming toxins, induce potassium efflux and trigger the activation of NLRP1 and NLRP3. LRR, leucine rich repeat; NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain; NLR, NOD-like receptor; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
Wada, J. & Makino, H. (2015) Innate immunity in diabetes and diabetic nephropathy
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