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What are the 6 functions of skin?

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1 What are the 6 functions of skin?
STAT What are the 6 functions of skin?

2 Integumentary System

3 Introduction The skin and its various structures (hair and nails) make up the integumentary system

4 Functions of the Skin Barrier against infection and injury

5 The skin contains immune system cells.
Protects the body by preventing many harmful substances, including microorganisms from entering the body. The skin contains immune system cells. Protects the internal organs from dehydration (water loss), injury and infection. Influenza virus

6 Functions of the Skin Barrier against infection and injury
Retards water loss

7 Functions of the Skin Barrier against infection and injury
Retards water loss Regulates temperature

8 Helps regulate body temperature by evaporation of water from the skin, in the form of perspiration (sweat) and by controlling the size of the blood vessels. Excretes wastes from the body.

9 Functions of the Skin Barrier against infection and injury
Retards water loss Regulates temperature Houses sensory receptors

10 3. Allows for sensation (feeling) because it houses nerves which sense touch, temperature and pain. A square inch of skin has about 72 feet of nerves and hundreds of sensory receptors.

11 Functions of the Skin Barrier against infection and injury
Retards water loss Regulates temperature Houses sensory receptors Synthesizes and stores vitamin D

12 Produces vitamin D when exposed to the sun.

13 Produces vitamin D when exposed to the sun.
Without sunlight, you can get a disease called rickets.

14 Produces vitamin D when exposed to the sun.
Without sunlight, you can get a disease called rickets. Needed for normal bone and tooth development

15 Functions of the Skin Barrier against infection and injury
Retards water loss Regulates temperature Houses sensory receptors Synthesizes and stores vitamin D Provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun

16 Changes pigmentation when exposed to the sun to protect the internal organs from ultraviolet radiation.

17 Skin Cancer Skin Graft

18 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Layers of Skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous layer Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stratified squamous epithelium Dense irregular connective tissue Adipose tissue © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

19 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Layers of Skin Epidermis outermost covering stratified squamous avascular Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stratified squamous epithelium Dense irregular connective tissue Adipose tissue © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

20 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Layers of Skin Dermis thick layer of skin under epidermis dense irregular connective tissue (collage and elastin), smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood vascular basement membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stratified squamous epithelium Dense irregular connective tissue Adipose tissue © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

21 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Layers of Skin Subcutaneous layer aka hypodermis beneath dermis areolar and adipose tissue (adipose insulates) collagenous and elastic fibers continuous with dermis so no sharp boundary contains major blood vessels for skin Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stratified squamous epithelium Dense irregular connective tissue Adipose tissue © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

22 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Layers of Skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous layer Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stratified squamous epithelium Dense irregular connective tissue Adipose tissue © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

23 Epidermis Lacks blood vessels Keratinized
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) Hair shaft Epidermis Hair follicle (b) Sebaceous gland Dermis Sweat Sweat gland pore Capillary Stratum corneum Stratum basale Dermal papilla Arrector pili muscle Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Basement membrane Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer Sweat gland duct Subcutaneous layer T Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Lacks blood vessels Keratinized Thickest on palms and soles ( mm) Melanocytes provide melanin Rests on basement membrane Stratified squamous epithelia b: © Victor Eroschenko

24 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

25 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum corneum Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

26 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum corneum Fully keratinized outermost layer many layers of tough, tightly-packed cells keratinization causes cells to harden desmosomes hold cells together Nonnucleated Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

27 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

28 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum lucidum not found in all skin areas only in thick skin (palms, soles) cells appear clear nuclei, organelles and cell membranes not visible Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

29 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

30 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum granulosum – layers of flattened keratinocytes contain shrunken fibers of keratin (makes up hair/nails too) shriveled nuclei Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

31 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum spinosum Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

32 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum spinosum – spinyness is artifactual tonofilaments (bundles of protein) resist tension many cell layers centrally located large, oval nuclei and developing keratin fibers cells becoming flattened Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

33 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum basale Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

34 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum basale single row of cuboidal or columnar cells attached to dermis includes melanocytes that produce melanin youngest cells; cells divide and grow new cells push old cells (keratinocytes) away from the dermis and toward the surface of the skin; moves to top in 27 days Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

35 b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis, but only four are in most areas: Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

36 Epidermis Healthy skin closely balances production of epidermal cells with the loss of dead cells from the stratum corneum Cell division rate increases where skin is rubbed/pressed regularly to form calluses (on palms and soles) or corns on toes

37 Anatomy A215: EPIDERMIS LAYERS Memory Matrix
Superficial or Deep Layer? Characteristics Are cells keratinized in this layer? Seen in THIN skin too? Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum

38 Dermis Contains dermal papillae Binds epidermis to underlying tissues
Irregular dense connective tissue Muscle cells Nerve cell processes Specialized sensory receptors Blood vessels Hair follicles Glands Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Sweat Stratum corneum Epidermis Stratum basale Capillary Dermal papilla Basement membrane T actile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Dermis Sebaceous gland Arrector pili muscle Sweat gland duct Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Hair follicle Subcutaneous layer Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer (a)

39 Dermis There are actually two (2) layers to the dermis:
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Papillary layer Thin Superficial Dermal papillae here Papillary layer Reticular layer 80% of dermis Reticular layer (a)

40 Subcutaneous Layer aka hypodermis Loose connective, areolar
and adipose tissue Insulates Major blood vessels Connects skin to underlying tissues NOT part of the skin Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Sweat Stratum corneum Epidermis Stratum basale Capillary Dermal papilla Basement membrane T actile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Dermis Sebaceous gland Arrector pili muscle Sweat gland duct Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Hair follicle Subcutaneous layer Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer (a)

41 Accessory Structures of the Skin
Accessory structures of the skin originate from the epidermis and include: Hair follicles Nails Skin glands

42

43 Hair Follicles Epidermal cells Tube-like depression
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epidermal cells Tube-like depression Hair shaft Pore Extends into dermis Three (3) parts: Hair root Sebaceous gland Hair shaft Arrector pili muscle Hair papilla Hair root (keratinized cells) Hair follicle Dead epidermal cells Eccrine sweat gland Region of cell division Melanin Hair papilla Arrector pili muscle Dermal blood vessels (a)

44 Hair Follicles Functions of hair
Warmth – less in man than other mammals Sense light touch of the skin Protection - scalp

45 Hair and hair follicles: complex Derived from epidermis and dermis Everywhere but palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia *“arrector pili” is smooth muscle * Hair bulb: epithelial cells surrounding papilla Hair papilla is connective tissue________________

46 Hair Follicle

47 Nails Protective coverings Three (3) parts: Nail plate Nail bed
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Protective coverings Lunula Nail bed Nail plate Three (3) parts: Nail plate Nail bed Lunula (most active growing area) Keratin hardens

48

49 Sebaceous Glands Usually associated with hair follicles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Usually associated with hair follicles Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Holocrine glands Secrete sebum (fatty material and cellular debris) Hair Absent on palms and soles © Per H. Kjeldsen

50 Sebaceous Gland

51 Sudoriferous Glands aka sweat glands Widespread in skin
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. aka sweat glands Widespread in skin Hair shaft Pore Originates in deeper dermis or superficial subcutaneous Dermal papilla Sebaceous gland Ball-shaped coil Duct Hair follicle Eccrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat gland

52 Sweat Glands Eccrine glands Respond throughout life
Responds to elevated temperature due to environmental heat or exercise Abundant on forehead, neck and back Palms and soles when stressed Fluid is carried by duct to surface pore Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hair shaft Pore Dermal papilla Sebaceous gland Duct Hair follicle Eccrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat gland

53 Sweat Gland Exiting the Skin

54 Sweat Gland

55 Sweat Gland

56 Sweat Glands Apocrine glands Develop a scent as bacteria
metabolize secretions Become active at puberty Located in axillary region Respond to pain, emotions Ducts open into hair follicles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hair shaft Pore Dermal papilla Sebaceous gland Duct Hair follicle Eccrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat gland

57 Sweat Glands Ceruminous glands Mammary glands
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mammary glands Structurally and functionally modified Secrete milk Ceruminous glands Secrete ear wax Hair shaft Pore Dermal papilla Sebaceous gland Duct Hair follicle Eccrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat gland

58 Regulation of Body Temperature

59 Regulation of Body Temperature
Body temperature is regulated by the process of HOMEOSTASIS

60 Regulation of Body Temperature
Regulation of body temperature is vitally important because even slight shifts can disrupt metabolic reactions.

61 Heat Production and Loss
Heat is a product of cellular metabolism The most active body cells are the heat producers and include: Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Cells of certain glands such as the liver

62 Heat Production and Loss
Vasodilation Vessels dilate More blood enters them Some of the heat is lost to the outside Diverts blood to the surface Skin reddens Vasoconstriction Deeper blood vessels contract Removes blood from the surface Skin is pale

63 Heat Production and Loss
Primary heat loss is radiation Infrared heat rays escape from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings

64 Heat Production and Loss
Less heat loss through: conduction, convection and evaporation

65 Heat Production and Loss
Conduction Heat moves from the body directly into the molecules of cooler objects in contact with its surface. Example: seat of a chair

66 Heat Production and Loss
Convection Continuous circulation of air over a warm surface Example: Heat is lost by conduction to the air molecules that contact the body. As air becomes heated, it moves away from the body, carrying heat with it, and is replaced by cooler air moving toward the body.

67 Heat Production and Loss
Evaporation Changing from a liquid to a gas Example: When the body temperature rises above normal, the sweat glands release sweat onto the surface of the skin. As this fluid evaporates, it carries heat away from the surface, cooling the skin.

68 Regulation of Body Temperature
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center Hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Dermal blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) too low Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Dermal blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. Control center Hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily.

69 Problems in Temperature Regulation
Hyperthermia – abnormally high body temperature Hypothermia – abnormally low body temperature

70 Healing of Wounds and Burns

71 Healing of Wounds and Burns
Inflammation is a normal response to injury or stress. Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues. Inflammed skin may become: Reddened Swollen Warm Painful

72

73 Types of Burns First degree burn – superficial, partial-thickness; epidermis Second degree burn – deep, partial-thickness; epidermis and some dermis Third degree burn – full-thickness; epidermis, dermis and accessory structures

74 Types of Burns Third degree burn – full-thickness; epidermis, dermis and accessory structures Autograft Allograft Various skin substitutes

75 Rule of Nines for Adults
Subdividing the skin’s surface into regions, each accounting for 9% (or some multiple of 9%) of the total surface area Important for planning to replace body fluids and and electrolytes lost from injured tissues and for covering burned area with skin or skin graft

76 Rule of Nines for Adults
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior head and neck 41/2% 41/2% Anterior and posterior head and neck 9% 41/2% Posterior head and neck 41/2% Anterior trunk 18% Anterior and posterior upper extremities 18% Posterior trunk 18% Anterior upper extremities 9% Anterior and posterior trunk 36% Posterior upper extremities 9% 41/2% 41/2% 41/2% 41/2% Perineum 1% 9% 9% 9% 9% Anterior lower extremities 18% Anterior and posterior lower extremities 36% Posterior lower extremities 18% 100%

77 Melanin produced by melanocytes in stratum basale provides skin color
absorbs ultraviolet radiation melanocytes have long pigment-containing cellular extensions that transfer granules of melanin into keratinocytes in a process called pigment deposition

78 Melanocyte

79 Epidermis Heredity and environment determine skin color
Genetic Factors Varying amounts of melanin Varying size of melanin granules Albinos lack melanin Physiological Factors Dilation of dermal blood vessels Constriction of dermal blood vessels Accumulation of carotene Jaundice Environmental Factors Sunlight UV light from sunlamps X-rays Darkens melanin

80 Lifespan Changes Skin becomes scaly Age spots appear Epidermis thins
Dermis becomes reduced Loss of fat Wrinkling Sagging Sebaceous glands secrete less oil Melanin production slows Hair thins Number of hair follicles decreases Nail growth becomes impaired Sensory receptors decline Body temperature unable to be controlled Diminished ability to activate Vitamin D

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