1. Therapeutic Strategies for Heart Failure in Cardiorenal Syndromes
Andrew A. House, MD, MSc, Mikko Haapio, MD, Johan Lassus, MD, Rinaldo Bellomo, MD, Claudio Ronco, MD 
American Journal of Kidney Diseases 
Volume 56, Issue 4, Pages (October 2010)
DOI: /j.ajkd
Copyright © 2010 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 1. Pathophysiologic interactions between heart and kidney in type 1 or “acute CRS” (abrupt worsening of cardiac function; eg, acute cardiogenic shock or acute decompensation of chronic heart failure) leading to kidney injury. Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CO, cardiac output; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; H2O, water; KIM, kidney injury molecule; Na, sodium; N-GAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; RAA, renin angiotensin aldosterone.
Reproduced from Ronco et al27 with permission of Elsevier.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , DOI: ( /j.ajkd )
Copyright © 2010 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 2. Pathophysiologic interactions between heart and kidney in type 2 or “chronic CRS” (long-term abnormalities in cardiac function; eg, chronic heart failure) causing progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Abbreviations: Ca, calcium; H2O, water; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; Na, sodium; Phos, phosphorus; RAA, renin angiotensin aldosterone.
Reproduced from Ronco et al27 with permission of Elsevier.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , DOI: ( /j.ajkd )
Copyright © 2010 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions