1. Ohio Christian University
Human Services 1000

2. History of Helping
Who was responsible for the poor and needy before and during the Middle Ages?

3. History of Helping
Before the Middle Ages, feudal lords had assumed responsibility for care of the sick and poor on their lands.
Needy people received aid from human service institutions such as orphanages, churches, and later the government.
Hospitals not only provided medical assistance but fed and housed tired travelers, orphans, elderly, and the poor.
Insane asylums were established in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries but did not provide effective treatment (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

4. History of Helping
Relief for the poor was the responsibility of the Church during the Middle Ages.
The care of the poor by the Church altered as the nature and incidence of poverty changed with socioeconomic conditions.
The decline of feudalism, the growth of commerce, and the beginning of industrialization made it necessary to find new ways of assisting those in need.
A new type of economy and employment needs of the industrial revolution affected numbers of poor people (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

5. History of Helping
What factors created the need for the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601?
Why was this law so important relative to human services?

6. History of Helping
The growth of commerce encouraged the development of a money economy, based on capital investment, credit, interest, rent, and wages.
This system was very different from a rural economy, which depended on the bartering of goods and services.
The poor could no longer survive by bartering, they had little money for basic needs.
In England, the pressures of the poor in cities created the need for a large-scale attack on poverty and prompted the passage of the Elizabethan Poor Laws of 1601 (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

7. History of Helping Elizabethan Poor Law
Provided a clear definition of the “poor” and articulated services that they were to receive.
This legislation was critical in the history of human services. It guided social welfare practices in England and the United States for the next 350 years by specifying who was to provide services to those in need.
More significantly, this legislation acknowledged that the state had a responsibility to relieve need and suffering and that the disadvantaged not only deserved assistance but also had a legal right to it (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

8. History of Helping The 19th Century
By the Early 1800’s the belief that the needy deserved governmental public assistance changed in the U.S.
Poverty was viewed as the fault of the individual, and public aid was thought to cause and encourage poverty.
The belief that being poor was a crime manifested in the Poor Law Reform Bill of Its purpose was to limit the expansion of services provided to the poor.
The social philosophies of individualism, the work ethic, economic liassez-faire, and Social Darwinism promoted further changes in attitudes toward the needy (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

9. Legislative Milestones in U. S. Human Services

10. Legislation: 20th Century
A group called the “muckrakers” actively criticized the wealthy, accusing them of moral decay, cheating, and bribery.
They exposed unfair business, government, and labor practices.
They supported the idea that poverty was caused by social and economic conditions, and not by the individual.
The “muckrakers” proposed that improvements in housing and working conditions could help eliminate poverty (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

11. Legislation
What impact did President Franklin D. Roosevelt have on human services?

12. Legislation Increased Federal Involvement
The Great Depression was marked by vast unemployment, failing business ventures, and the collapse of banks.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced the New Deal legislation that fundamentally changed the federal government’s role in providing human services, focusing on two goals. The first goal was to provide short-term aid to those who were unemployed
The Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) were but two of the work relief programs implemented.
The second focus was the enactment of the Social Security Act of 1935 as protection against future economic hardships (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

13. Legislation Social Security Act
The (SSA) was the cornerstone of the present American social welfare system and was passed in response to the need for human services.
It translated into action the belief that Americans had the right to protection from economic instability.
Federal government assumed responsibility for the economic security of its citizens.
It expanded welfare activities & improved their standards by establishing a new alignment of responsibility in public welfare.
The policy of federal aid or grants to states began, thus closing the door on the “poor law reform bill” principle of responsibility.
The act provided assistance in the areas of social insurance, public assistance, & health and welfare services (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

14. Legislation
How did President Lyndon Johnson impact human services?

15. Legislation President Lyndon Johnson
President Lyndon Johnson declared a war on poverty in 1965.
Such programs as the Job Corps, College Work Study, and Head Start were created to combat the war of poverty by providing ways for the poor to improve their economic conditions. His changes were promoted as The Great Society.
Johnson also promoted the rights of the poor. The voting rights act of 1965 abolished the literacy tests that had been used to deny uneducated people the right to vote, and the Affirmative Action Order of 1968 and the Office of Economic Opportunity improved employment opportunities for minorities.
The president approved the amendments of Medicare & Medicaid to the Social Security Act, on July 30, 1965 (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

16. Legislation How did Presidents Nixon and Reagan impact human services?
What was the impact of Proposition 13 on human services?

17. Legislation Late 20th Century
President Nixon had a more conservative approach to human services. Both a decline in federal spending and different ways of managing human service programs were two important changes.
Nixon’s New Federalism called for individuals to assume responsibility for their own situation, Power, resources, and influence began to flow back to the states and local communities.
The emphasis was on the development of self-help programs and the provision of services by the private sector (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

18. Legislation President Reagan
Ronald Reagan was elected on a platform that called for establishing new priorities in human services, slashing government spending, and reducing the government’s involvement in human services.
One of his priorities was to return the administration of human services to the individual states, communities, and private sources
He terminated a number of social programs and drastically cut spending on others.
Those affected included “childcare, school lunch & other nutrition programs, food stamps, subsidized housing, energy assistance, family planning, public and mental health services, alcohol and drug abuse counseling, legal aid, and others.
A result of Reagan’s policies expanded the number of nonprofit & private agencies in human services (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

19. Legislation Dismantling Welfare
From the 1930’s to the 1980’s , the government’s social policy was to assume responsibility for citizens who could not provide a reasonable quality of life for themselves.
Proposition 13 was an amendment to the California state constitution. The goal of the legislation was to amend the property tax structure. This resulted in less money for services, including social services.
The passage of Proposition 13 was an early sign of the changing attitude of the American public toward government spending for human services (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

20. Legislation
What impact did Presidents George Bush Sr., Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush Jr. have on human services?

21. Legislation Welfare
A declining economy, the growing gap between the rich and poor, and the need for welfare reform all contributed to Bill Clinton’s 1992 election.
Clinton reformed the welfare system by proposing a new law that emphasized training, education, short-term support, and personal responsibility.
Welfare reform has decreased the number of families on welfare, and increased the number of families who are employed (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

22. Legislation Welfare
The most significant human service legislation from George Bush Sr. was the American with Disabilities Act (ADA), which was passed in 1990.
It was designed to get people with disabilities into the workforce who were kept out by discrimination and other barriers.
(Woodside & McClam, 2009).

23. Legislative Changes in the 21st- Century
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) was passed to provide outpatient prescription drug benefits for individuals on Medicare, Part D. This plan replaces Medicaid as a source of drug coverage.
President George W. Bush initiated an effort to bring faith-based agencies and organizations into partnership with the federal government by creating the White House Office of Faith-based and Community Initiative – Center for Faith-based and Community Initiatives (CFBCI).
Its purpose is to more effectively use faith-based and community-based organizations toward providing human services (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

24. Legislation The Obama Administration
Under President Obama there has been a resurgence of spending on social programs.
The Affordable Care Act expanded medical insurance to millions of Americans. The federal government provides subsidies for policies.
Other social programs such as SNAP (food assistance) have experienced growth.
The national conversation about who is deserving and how much to spend on social programs is an ongoing political issue since tax dollars fund the greater portion of the programs.

25. Current legislative issues
Legislation
Current legislative issues
SNAP
Obamacare
Medicare and Medicaid Reform
Veteran’s Benefits

26. Human Services
Philosophies

27. Social Philosophies
Name and define the social philosophies that contributed to the belief that poverty was the fault of the individual.

28. Social Philosophies
During this period of social reform, the first seeds of the mental health movement were formed, and federal legislation provided broad government support for many Americans.
The early 1990’s, sometimes called the sociological era, continued the period of social reform.
Two significant events or changes affected the history of helping and human services.
The development of a new profession, the social worker
(Woodside & McClam, 2009).

29. Social Philosophies
Individualism- the individual was held solely responsible for his/her life's circumstances.
Laissez – faire – an economic concept that focused on societal rather than individual responsibility. This philosophy opposed the provision of any human services as a right of the individual.
Government Intervention- The government should provide for the needy.
Social Darwinism – The philosophy that the natural order of life was that the strong survive and the unfit, not being able to meet their own needs, would perish (Woodside & McClam, 2008).

30. Social Philosophies
The aforementioned philosophies encouraged the belief that nothing could be done about the situation of the working class and the poor, who faced long work hours, low wages, child labor, and unhealthy work conditions.
These prevailing belief systems discouraged providing services and limited services to those who desperately needed assistance.
As welfare problems grew, the private sector was unable to meet increasing demands. In spite of the prevailing philosophies there was a growing demand for public agencies to assume more responsibilities for the poor.
By the 1850’s, specialized institutions had been established for persons with mental illness, juvenile delinquents, the deaf and blind, and criminals. These institutions were established on the belief that reform, rehabilitation, and education were possible (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

31. Human Services Movement
Since the 1960’s the human services movement has experienced unprecedented growth, evidenced by the increased number of training programs, increased size of the mental health delivery system, and the development of the human services administration at the federal level.
In 1966, the first human service educational program was established at Purdue University, a two-year associate degree program that focused on the training of entry-level mental health workers (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

32. Human Services Movement
A movement toward professionalism in the field of human services emerged.
Two organizations were influential in this area.
Both the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) and the Council for Standards in Human Services Education (CSHSE), are still active today.
Such organizations regulate a profession or its workers, facilitate communication among its members, or foster excellence in research or services within the profession.
They were established in the 1970’s (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

33. Human Service Workers

34. H. S. Workers 20th Century
The basis for the the new profession of social workers was the belief that such people needed specific skills, knowledge, and understanding to work effectively with the poor.
The development of this profession is significant; it represents the beginning of the professionalization of human services.
Later in this century, the fields of welfare, mental health, child guidance, and probation also became professionalized.
The reexamination of the causes of poverty also took place (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

35. H. S. Workers Roles
Services are provided in a variety of settings. Helpers need a broad-based education and willingness to adapt to changing roles and circumstances.
The generalist has the knowledge, values, and skills to perform several job functions in various environments.
They use both micro and macro perspectives.
The micro system is represented by the individuals in the client’s environment and might include family, friends, teachers, coworkers, and individuals within the human service delivery system.
The macro system is represented by the organizations, agencies, communities, and neighborhood locations where clients interact (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

36. H. S. Workers Roles
Volunteers contribute considerable staff power within the human service sector. They are valuable resources, particularly in times of decreased funding. They personalize services, can be good advocates, and brings new skills and interests and a high level of enthusiasm to an agency setting.
Self-help groups consist of laypeople from all walks of life who come together to create a mutual support system to meet their own needs. Members share a common problem, they consider themselves peers, and they organize separately from human services organizations.
Such groups raise consciousness, secure political rights, and provide support for behavior changes.
Mother Against Drunk Driving (MADD) (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

37. H. S. Workers Relationship Between Client & Helper
The delivery of human services involves both the client and the helper.
Clients are active participants in many different systems that influence their circumstances.
Services must be delivered with an understanding of the client’s culture and with the client’s participation.
Helpers must attempt to see situations through the client’s eyes.
Professionals must also function as educators and help clients to develop certain skills to increase their intellectual, emotional, and behavioral options.
Clients should be treated as thinking, feeling, and acting human beings who are capable of change (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

38. H. S. Workers Activities
The professional activities of human service helpers are often discussed in professional literature and are defined by the helper’s relationship with clients and other professionals, academic training, ethical standards, continuing education, and measured competence (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

39. Perspectives

40. Human Services Perspectives
What are the perspectives from which the field of Human Services are derived?

41. Human Services Perspectives
Themes and purposes of human services
Interdisciplinary nature of human services
The Helping relationship
Management principles
Professional roles
Professional activities

42. Human Services Perspectives
The definition of human services is derived from various perspectives.
These perspectives summarize the principles that guide the delivery of human services.
They come from scholars and prominent leaders in the field.
Understanding and integrating these diverse perspectives will help you formulate a definition of human services.
Woodside & McClam (2009)

43. Human Services Perspectives
Describe the themes and purposes of human services.

44. Perspectives Human Services
These themes and purposes have emerged over the past five decades. These themes include:
Concerns with problems in living
Increase in problems in our modern world
The need for self-sufficiency
The goals for social care, social control, and rehabilitation.
Woodside & McClam (2009)

45. Human Services Perspectives
What is meant by “Problems in Living?”

46. Perspectives Problems in living
Human services has developed in response to the needs of individuals, groups, or communities for assistance to live better lives.
Some problems in living include adolescent rebellion, parenthood, mid-life crises, caring for aging parents, and death and dying.
Others arise in connection with family and community; these may include relating to children, parents, and spouses; maintaining progress in education; adapting to a new culture and language, and sustaining work performance.
An important aspect of problems in living is individuals encountering difficulty in interacting with their environment.
Human services addresses problems in living, with a focus on both the individual or group and the situation or event (Woodside & McClam , 2009).

47. Perspectives Human Services
Define “Growing Problems in the Modern World.”

48. Perspectives Growing Problems in the Modern World
Human services has emerged in response to the growth in human problems in the modern world.
A growing number of people feel alienated and isolated from their neighbors and communities.
Individuals worry and stress about meeting their basic needs.
Illiteracy, a lack of employable skills, and unemployment rates and low wages add to feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, particularly in the technology age.
There are also concerns about overpopulation, malnutrition, the environment, nuclear war, terrorism, genocide, and religious and social conflict, gas and energy prices, the housing market, failing financial institutions, etc.
An effective system will help those in need of addressing such issues.
Woodside & McClam (2009).

49. Perspectives Human Services
What is meant by “Self-sufficiency?”

50. Perspecitves Self-Sufficiency
A key to successful service delivery is providing clients with the opportunity and support to be self-sufficient.
Economic self-sufficiency strengthens an individual’s self-esteem.
It is important to empower clients to make decisions and assume responsibility for their actions.
Clients are encouraged to be independent and gain control of their own lives as soon as they are able.
They gain belief in themselves or the efficacy to make the changes needed to be self-sufficient (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

51. Management Principles

52. Human Services Management Principles
Name and define the three management principles related to service delivery in human services organizations?

53. Human Service Management Principles
What is the difference between “Social Care, Social Control, and Rehabilitation?”

54. Management Principles Social Care, Social Control, & Rehabilitation
Social care is assisting clients in meeting their social needs, with the focus on those who cannot care for themselves (elderly, children, victims of crime, disasters, or crisis).
Social control differs from social care in two fundamental ways: who receives the services and under what conditions they receive them.
Most recipients of social control are able to care for themselves but have either failed to do so or have done so in a manner that violates society’s norms for appropriate behavior.
The purpose of such services is to monitor or restrict clients’ independence for a specific time because of law violation (those in the criminal justice system).
Rehabilitation is the task of returning an individual to a prior level of functioning (veterans, those with physical disabilities, victims of trauma) (Woodside & McClam , 2009).

55. Academic Disciplines

56. Human Services Academic Disciplines
Name the three disciplines that inform the interdisciplinary nature of human services and define each.

57. The Interdisciplinary Nature of Human Services
The three primary academic disciplines that provide an integration of knowledge are sociology, psychology, and anthropology.
Each discipline brings a unique perspective to the understanding of the nature of the individual, families, and groups of people.
They focus upon the context of the environment in which daily living occurs and the interaction between the two (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

58. Academic Disciplines Sociology
Examines the ways in which human societies influence the people who live in these societies.
Sociology assesses the individual and the broader culture, and tries to account for and understand the differences within human culture.
It helps human service professionals understand elements of life that affect living, such as family structure, family roles, gender, race, and poverty.
Woodside & McClam, 2009).

59. Academic Disciplines Psychology
Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior.
It embraces all aspects of the human experience – from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged.
It examines how people think, feel, and behave and explores why they think, feel, and behave.
Psychology analyzes behavior and mental processes from the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic perspectives (Woodside & McClam, 2009).

60. Academic Disciplines Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of human societies, their culture and development both in the past and present.
Professionals who ascribe to the “Systems” theory of human services would be drawn to this view of human service.

61. References
Woodside & McClam (2009). An Introduction to Human Services, 6th Edition. CA: Brooks/Cole