1. Quoting & Citing Sources in APA Format
“I Wish I’d Said That”
Quoting & Citing Sources in APA Format

2. Memory Test
A case of deliberate misdirection: the point is that most people will not notice the repeated articles and particles. We misremember what we see because of our expectations. Disciplined citation avoids errors.

3. Contents Plagiarism APA Citations Paraphrases Quotations
Reference List Entries
Further Examples

4. Plagiarism!
The APA Publication Manual advises scholars to record even sources of inspiration as well as direct borrowings (pp )
Papers offered for download often contain frank plagiarism!
Repeating four to five words, even when interrupted by new minor elements, may be considered plagiarism!

5. Plagiarism!
“Plagiarism sometimes happens because researchers do not keep precise records of their readings Presenting an author’s exact wording without marking it as a quotation is plagiarism, even if you cite the source” (Modern Language Association [MLA] 55)
See the Handbook for the specifics of ellipsis use (MLA 99).

6. Harvard Statement:
“If your own sentences follow the source so closely in idea and sentence structure that the result is really closer to quotation than to paraphrase you are plagiarizing, even if you have cited the source. You may not simply alter a few words of your source You need to recast your summary into your own words and sentence structure, or quote directly” (Retrieved 22 Feb., 2004 from < ~expos/sources/chap3.html>).

7. Bradley vs. Wegman
2006: Edward Wegman (George Mason University) wrote a report critical of use of statistics by Thomas Bradley (among others)
2010: Thomas Bradley (University of Massachusetts) alleges that Wegman reproduced sections of a textbook he wrote without quoting—and he’s right!
Wegman’s report, submitted to a U. S. Congressional Committee plagiarized Bradley’s textbook! However . . .

8. Bradley & Fritts 15 new/different words out of 55 Quibbles:
Once the regression coefficients have been calculated, the eigenvectors incorporated in the regression equation are mathematically transformed into a new set of n coefficients corresponding to the original (intercorrelated) set of n variables. These new coefficients are termed weights or elements of the response function and are analogous to the stepwise regression coefficients discussed earlier (Bradley, 1985, p. 346)
15 new/different words out of 55
Quibbles:
“are termed” vs. “referred to”
“discussed earlier” vs. “described in the previous section”
SAME order of ideas EXACTLY
Once the regression coefficients for the selected set of orthogonal variables have been calculated, they may be mathematically transformed into a new set of coefficients which correspond to the original correlated set of variables. These new coefficients (sometimes referred to as weights or elements of the response function) are analogous to the stepwise regression coefficients described in the previous section (Fritts, 1976, p. 353)
H. C. Fritts. (1976). Tree Rings and Climate.
Bradley himself took huge patches of material from Fritts with inadequate acknowledgement.

9. Cheating
Moral of the story: mind your Ps and Qs (paraphrases and quotations)
Plagiarism Roll of (Dis)Honour:
Stephen E. Ambrose, Civil War historian
Doris Kearns Goodwin, biographer of the Kennedy clan
David Rotor and Douglas Tipple, consultants to Public Works Dept., Ottawa
30 Carleton University engineering students (2002)
From Globe and Mail, “Public Works Advisors Sent Packing,” 1 Sept “Questions were also raised about "trip notes" that were circulated upon the pair's return after it was found that a large portion of the document included information from British websites without attribution.”
CBC, 27 Mar. 2002, 20 Apr < "about 30 engineering students plagiarized work they found on the Internet“ Carleton University

10. Cheating—Why? Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Min. Defence
Annette Schavan, Min. Education
Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg ( resigned in 2011; it was rumoured that he was being groomed to be the next chancellor, but after plagiarism was detected in his PhD dissertation, he was dubbed “Baron zu Googleberg.” Annette Schavan resigned as education minister, after having her doctorate revoked because of plagiarism in 2013 ( and See the next slide for the correct MLA citations (works cited entry list style) for two of these sources).

11. 5 Reasons to Cite Sources
You are establishing the basis for your own conclusions and thus their authority
You are documenting your process so that others can follow
You are acknowledging the work of your colleagues
You are avoiding the very serious charge of PLAGIARISM
We are in the midst of a replication crisis

12. 3 Reasons People Plagiarize
It is slightly faster and easier than documenting your sources
It makes your own original contribution seem greater
They do not think they will be caught

13. 3 Reasons NOT to Plagiarize
It has never been easier to detect plagiarism than it is now
Documents presently reach a larger audience than ever and are available almost indefinitely
Plagiarism is STILL regarded as a major disgrace (even though Schavan was later re-appointed!)

14. Must I Cite? Yes!
Each time you refer to specific results/concepts drawn from published or unpublished work, cite the source in a brief parenthetical note
“information and ideas you deem broadly known by your readers and widely accepted by scholars Can be used without documentation” (MLA 59).
“In 1066, the Normans invaded England.” OK
“The average sea-level rise has been approximately 2mm per year for the last 7000 years.” SOURCE!

15. APA Citations: They’re Easy!2
APA Citations: They’re Easy!

16. APA Style: Crisp & Curt
Writers in humanities & some applied fields quote far more often and are generally more expansive
Some include source information in the text:
In his seminal 1982 study, Jacques Derrida seeks to expose “the pyramidal silence of the graphic difference between the a and the e” (4).
MLA
Version:
APA
Version:
Derrida (1982) exposed “the pyramidal silence of the graphic difference between the a and the e” (p. 4).

17. Citations in General
You may require many citations per paragraph—not just one note per page
Two main components:
Author’s/Authors’ name(s), year

18. Three Basic Approaches
1. Info. in parentheses
The course instructors warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism (Zundel & Ladouceur, 2006).
Zundel and Ladouceur (2006) warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism.
2. Text & parentheses
use & in parentheses; use and in the text.
As recently as 2006, Zundel and Ladouceur warned against the dangers of accidental plagiarism.
3. All in text
PM describes this as a “rare case” (p. 207).

19. no additional INFORMATION
What Not To Do
In a journal article published in 2006, Dr. Pierre Zundel and Nadya Ladouceur, course instructors at the University of New Brunswick, warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism (Zundel & Ladouceur, 2006).
Avoid providing unnecessary information; the purpose of the parenthetical citation is to provide the necessary information compactly without redundancy. First names, the fact that the item was a journal article, and titles and institutional affiliations are all conveyed by the article itself; the citation serves as a concise pointer to reference list, which allows the reader to recover all information pertaining to the article and its authors.
From 14 words to 32—with
no additional INFORMATION

20. Parenthetical Citation
Introduce acronym in square
brackets; subsequent
citations can be reduced to
(MHCC, 2009).
A recent report stresses how “mental health and mental illness need to be addressed across the lifespan, with particular attention to the developmental stage of each individual” (Mental Health Commission of Canada [MHCC], 2009, p. 12).

21. Parenthetical Citation
Dealing with unpaginated
documents on the Web:
A recent report stresses how “mental health and mental illness need to be addressed across the lifespan, with particular attention to the developmental stage of each individual” (Mental Health Commission of Canada [MHCC], 2009, para. 2).

22. Citations: Multi-Author
(Battochio & Schinke, 2010)
Battochio, R. C., Schinke, R. J., Battochio, D. L., Halliwell, W., & Tenenbaum, G. (2010). The adaptation process of National Hockey League players. Journal Of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(4),
1 - 2 authors: Always list them

23. Numbers of Authors (Shapcott et al., 2007)
(Shapcott, Bloom, & Loughead, 2007)
(Shapcott et al., 2007)
Shapcott, K. M., Bloom, G. A., & Loughead, T. M. (2007). An initial exploration of the factors influencing aggressive and assertive intentions of women ice hockey players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38(2),
3 – 5 authors: First, all; later, author 1 + “et al.”

24. Numbers of Authors
(Jonasson, Halldin, Karlsson, Thoreson, Hvannberg, Swärd, & Baranto, 2011) (Jonasson et al., 2011)
Shapcott, K. M., Bloom, G. A., & Loughead, T. M. (2007). An initial exploration of the factors influencing aggressive and assertive intentions of women ice hockey players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38(2),
6 + : author 1 + “et al.”

25. Numbers of Authors No comma between “author” and “others”
et = “and”
al. = “alii, aliae” = “others”
No comma between “author” and “others”
“et” is a complete word, and so is not period-stopped; “al.” is short for the plural of “alius,” namely “alii” or “aliae” (masculine and feminine plural forms).
Shapcott, K. M., Bloom, G. A., & Loughead, T. M. (2007). An initial exploration of the factors influencing aggressive and assertive intentions of women ice hockey players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38(2),
(Shapcott et al., 2007)

26. Indirect Citations
Linder and Hawkins (as cited in Hertzberg, 2010) studied a group of people who believe that only sports that produce a financial return are worth playing
Using the original source is always advised.
If you do not have access to Linder and Hawkins,
use the phrase “as cited in” and name your source.

27. Two by Same Author in Same Year
Use alphabetical suffixes to distinguish
papers from the same year.
The structure and culture of the firm are both important factors affecting leadership style. While Bos Inc. has been classified as strongly hierarchical (Johnson, 2009a), individual departments have adopted a more holacratic approach (Johnson, 2009b).
Publication Manual, pp. 178, 182. Note: arrange alphabetically by title in the reference list.

28. Two Primary Authors With Same Last Name
While dietary patterns changed between 1970 and 2010 (Y. C. Wang, Hsiao, Rundle, & Goldsmith, 2015), similar patterns of obesity were detected in populations with stable dietary practices (H. Wang & Zhai, 2013).
Give the two primary authors’ initials.
Note: The year does not have to be the same (p. 176).

29. Personal Communications
Group work can lead to frustration and anger if participants do not understand their individual responsibilities (personal communication, N. Ladouceur, March 14, 2014).
Use interlocutor’s name & initials
and the full date.
Publication Manual, p. 179, section Note that such personal communications are not typically included in the reference list—though see the next slide for an example of one that might be.

30. & Postings
Group work can lead to frustration and anger if participants do not understand their individual responsibilities (Ladouceur, 2014).
This is an archived posting, and so will have
a corresponding reference list entry.
“Some forms of personal communication are recoverable, and these should be referenced as archival materials” (Publication Manual, p. 179). s—like the one in this slide—fall into this category.

31. Anything that is archived should have a
Course Posting
Ladouceur, N. (2014, March 14). Re: Social interactions in team research. [SOCI2374 posting]. Retrieved from discussions/List
Anything that is archived should have a
reference list entry.
Publication Manual, pp. 179, section Note that such personal communications are not typically included in the reference list—though see the next slide for an example of one that might be.

32. 3
APA Paraphrases

33. APA: Paraphrasing Sources
"Nurse practitioners must be alerted to the potential influence of pharmaceutical marketing" (Monaghan et al., 2003, p. 19).
“Student Understanding of the Relationship Between the Health Professions and the Pharmaceutical Industry” (2003)
This is the original passage from Monaghan et al. (2003).

34. APA: Paraphrasing Sources
In a context in which results of early clinical trials are prominently featured in marketing materials, nurse practitioners must be made aware of the strategies by which pharmaceutical corporations promote their products (Monaghan et al., 2003).
Almost the RULE in social sciences—quotation is rare.
Page numbers MAY be appropriate

35. Fair Use?
Original Text
Paraphrase
Nurse practitioners must be alerted to the potential influence of pharmaceutical marketing
In a context in which results of early clinical trials are prominently featured in marketing materials, nurse practitioners must be made aware of the strategies by which pharmaceutical corporations promote their products (Monaghan et al., 2003).
Some paraphrases that reproduce extensive argument or concepts from the original can have page numbers—this one does not require them.

36. Paraphrase
Whenever you encounter unique phrasing or special terminology, consider direct quotation.
Summing up a long argument in your own words (technically, summarizing not paraphrasing) is legitimate

37. Paraphrase: Original
“Instead of tending towards a vast Alexandrian library the world has become a computer, an electronic brain, exactly as in an infantile piece of science fiction. And as our senses have gone outside us, Big Brother goes inside. So, unless aware of this dynamic, we shall at once move into a phase of panic terrors, exactly befitting a small world of tribal drums, total inter-dependence, and superimposed co-existence” (McLuhan, 1962, p. 32).

38. Paraphrase: Source
McLuhan, M. (1962). The Gutenberg galaxy: The making of typographic man. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.

39. Paraphrase
The world has grown to resemble a computer, as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as our senses have been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of this dynamic will create an environment of panic terrors, arising from the inter-dependence enforced co-existence of the global village.

40. Paraphrase: With Citation
The world has grown to resemble a computer, as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as our senses have been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of this dynamic will create an environment of panic terrors, arising from the inter-dependence enforced co-existence of the global village (McLuhan, 1962).

41. Paraphrase: Repeated Phrases
The world has grown to resemble a computer, as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as our senses have been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of this dynamic will create an environment of panic terrors, arising from the inter-dependence enforced co-existence of the global village (McLuhan, 1962).

42. Paraphrase: Rephrase & Quote
The world has grown to resemble a computer, as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as our senses have been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of their nature will create an environment of “panic terrors,” arising from “the total inter-dependence and superimposed co-existence” of the global village (McLuhan, 1962, p. 32).

43. Paraphrase and Plagiarism
It is EASY to slip from paraphrase to plagiarism
Be vigilant: when in doubt, QUOTE
If you need a second opinion, ask—
Let’s try a short TEST (Sheet 2)

44. You Be the Judge
Examine the use the writer has made of the passage—is it acceptable paraphrase or does it cross the line?
Passage 1:

45. Sheet 1, Passage 1: Use in Paper
In contrast to the findings of American researchers, Babnik, Dermol, and Širca (2014) reported that Slovenian mission statements largely failed to shape employees’ behavior in large companies and remained only as a representation of the espoused organizational culture, not as a reflection of actual corporate practice.

46. Sheet 1, Source 1
The study shows that the prevailing Slovenian managers’ understanding of a mission statement is in its goal-directing and image-creating role and less in its role of guiding and directing employees’ behaviour. The interviews confirm the expectations about the differences in relation to the mission statements’ formulation and communication practices. Small companies rely more on personal contact and everyday communication, but in the medium- and large-sized companies both, the culture and the mission statements are understood as strategic tools that should motivate and guide employees’ behaviour. Nevertheless, this understanding seems to be unrealised and as such remains only a characteristic of the espoused organizational culture. (p. 623)
Babnik, K., Breznik, K., Dermol, V., & Širca, N. T. (2014). The mission statement: Organisational culture perspective. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(4), doi: /IMDS

47. Sheet 1, Passage 1: Rephrase or Quote!
…motivate and guide employees’ behaviour. Nevertheless, this understanding seems to be unrealised and as such remains only a characteristic of the espoused organizational culture.
Orig.
…to shape employees’ behavior in large companies and remained only as a representation of the espoused organizational culture, not as a reflection of actual corporate practice.
The order of key terms together with the distinctive phrase “indigenous circumstances” demand a quotation.
Use

48. Sheet 1, Passage 2: Use in Paper
The lower on the company hierarchy the employees were, the less likely they were to understand the mission statement and to link it to their jobs and values. In contrast, managers were significantly more likely to understand the company’s mission statement (Desmidt, 2016).

49. Sheet 1, Source 2
The greater the hierarchical distance between employees and the top of the organization, the less likely employees are to understand the mission statement, to be able to link its message to their jobs and personal values, and to deem the organization’s management team as acting in accordance with the mission statement. The study findings thus lend additional credibility to previous statements indicating that organizational understanding of mission statements among non-managerial employees is less than forthcoming (Vandijck, Desmidt, & Buelens, 2007). The significantly better scores of managers on all of the study variables are most likely attributable to the fact that their organization positions provided access to more information about the organization’s mission and more opportunities to reduce ambiguity via two-way communication prior to the study.
Desmidt, S. (2016). The Relevance of mission statements: Analysing the antecedents of perceived message quality and its relationship to employee mission engagement. Public Management Review, 18(6), doi: /

50. Sheet 1, Passage 2: Rephrase or Quote!
…the less likely employees are to understand the mission statement, to be able to link its message to their jobs and personal values, and to deem the organization’s management team as acting in accordance
Orig.
…the less likely they were to understand the mission statement and to link it to their jobs and values. In contrast, managers were significantly more likely to understand the company’s mission statement (Desmidt, 2016).
The order of key terms together with the distinctive phrase “indigenous circumstances” demand a quotation.
Use

51. Terminology Is Common Property
When in doubt, check (Google)
Many long expressions are simply common terms
While it is proper to give due credit to originators, successful terms eventually become common property

52. 4
APA Quotations

53. Quotation Guidelines
Introduce quotations effectively: create a context
Do not duplicate the content of quotations
Cite and format them correctly
Interpolate appropriately
Use ellipsis to cut what you do not need
Note: Use quotations sparingly; good, brief
paraphrases are usually better.

54. Introducing Embedded Quotations
Goals:
Quote no more than is necessary
Create a clear context
Develop a coherent statement (intro. + quotation)
Maintain authorial control (do not surrender to
your sources)

55. Quoting from a Chapter
Andrejevic (2012) noted that the advent of the “totally documented life” (p. 80) spelled the end of individual anonymity.
Some instructors prefer all paraphrases to be accompanied by a page reference.
The page number for a quotation (and for any paraphrase “from a long or complex text” [APA, 2010, p. 171]) immediately follows the quoted material.

56. Quoting from a Chapter
All information in
Parentheses.
The advent of the “totally documented life” (Andrejevic, 2012, p. 80) will spell the end of privacy.

57. Ellipsis: Your Ally against Wordiness
Use only what you need
Use ellipsis points to cut unnecessary/irrelevant material

58. Changes to Quotations Multi-sentence quotation
This politicization and industrialization of science with its accompanying structural consequences can be fruitfully illustrated by tracing and analyzing the development and current state of futurology—the scientific study of the future. In the last two decades, futurology has advanced from a kind of pseudoscience like cosmology to an emerging interdisciplinary area with its own journals, societies and even jargon. At the same time, it has become seriously split between a technocratic and an opposing normative perspective or school, each differing in their basic goals, assumptions and methods. (Hannigan, 1980, pp )
Multi-sentence quotation

59. Changes to Quotations Multi-sentence quotation
This politicization and industrialization of science with its accompanying structural consequences can be fruitfully illustrated by tracing and analyzing the development and current state of futurology—the scientific study of the future. In the last two decades, futurology has advanced from a kind of pseudoscience like cosmology to an emerging interdisciplinary area with its own journals, societies and even jargon. At the same time, it has become seriously split between a technocratic and an opposing normative perspective or school, each differing in their basic goals, assumptions and methods. (Hannigan, 1980, pp )
Multi-sentence quotation

60. Changes to Quotations Multi-sentence quotation
This politicization and industrialization of science with its accompanying structural consequences can be fruitfully illustrated by tracing and analyzing the development and current state of futurology—the scientific study of the future. In the last two decades, futurology has advanced from a kind of pseudoscience like cosmology to an emerging interdisciplinary area with its own journals, societies and even jargon. At the same time, it has become seriously split between a technocratic and an opposing normative perspective or school, each differing in their basic goals, assumptions and methods. (Hannigan, 1980, pp )
Multi-sentence quotation

61. Changes to Quotations Quotation with ellipsis: 3 points for any
Hannigan (1980) noted that “futurology—the scientific study of the future has become seriously split between a technocratic and an opposing normative perspective . . .” (pp ).
Quotation with ellipsis: 3 points for any
portion less than a sentence, 4 if the ellipsis
includes a period

62. Interpolations (“Additions”)
Athletes can experience pain without having detectable tendon damage, but sometimes imaging reveals abnormalities of their tendons without their experiencing symptoms of JK.
“Their” may require explanation.
“imaging” means “MRI/ultrasound imaging”
“their” means “athletes”

63. Interpolations (“Additions”)
Zwerer et al. (2010) also reported cases in which MRI or ultrasound “imaging reveals abnormalities of [athletes’] tendons without their experiencing symptoms of JK.
“Their” may require explanation.
“MRI/ultrasound imaging added before quotation
“their” replaced with “athletes’”

64. [sic] Indicate errors in the original with [sic] (so, thus)
Gingras (1999) commented,“When looked at from the point of view of the general structure of the narratives proposed, it is plain that every- thing in them is like a pong-ping [sic] game” (p. 314).
Indicate errors in the original with [sic] (so, thus)

65. Journal title, volume number in italics
Reference List Entry
Gingras, Y. (1999). Heights of metaphysics: A reply to Pickering. Social Studies of Science, 29(2),
Journal title, volume number in italics
Publication Manual, pp. 179, section Note that such personal communications are not typically included in the reference list—though see the next slide for an example of one that might be.

66. APA Reference List Entries5
APA Reference List Entries

67. Zotero Good news: Zotero (free) will do much of the hard work
Bad news: Zotero makes mistakes

68. Title Format Conventions
Article: This is an article title.
Book: This is a book title.
Journal: This Is a Journal Title
This is one of the fundamentals of the APA reference system: the format of each major category of publication is different. Articles in the reference list are presented in normal font, with only the first word of the title and subtitle being capitalized. Books are the same but set in italic font. Journals are also in italics, but all major words are capitalized.

69. Journal Article Andrejevic, M. (2002). The work of being watched.
Article/Chapter title: only
first word capitalized, no
italics or quotation marks.
Given name initial only
Andrejevic, M. (2002). The work of being watched.
Critical Studies in Media Communication, 19(2), doi: /
Journal title & volume
number in italics

70. Book Chapter Andrejevic, M. (2012). Exploitation in the data mine.
Article/Chapter title only
first word capitalized, no
italics or quotation marks.
Page range of chapter
Andrejevic, M. (2012). Exploitation in the data mine.
In C. Fuchs, K. Boersma, A. Albrechtslund, & M. Sandoval (Eds.), Internet and surveillance: The challenges of Web 2.0 and social media (pp ). New York, NY: Routledge.
Editors’ names (initial for
Given name, last name last)

71. Institutionally Published Documents:
Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2009). Toward recovery and well-being: A framework for a mental health strategy for Canada. Calgary, AB: Author.
When the “author” is also the publisher,
use this format.

72. Exercise 2!

73. Answers
Browning, N., & Sweetser, K. D. (2014). The let down effect: Satisfaction, motivation, and credibility assessments of political infotainment. American Behavioral Scientist, 68(4), doi: /

74. Answers
Jankowski, N. W. (2018). Researching fake news: A selective examination of empirical studies. Javnost - The Public, 25(1-2), doi:

75. Further Examples and Format Details
How to create reference list entries for some challenging sources, and how to make Microsoft Word do some of the hard work

76. Unpublished Manuscripts
Author, I. (Year). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.
Publication Manual, p. 211, item 58: “Unpublished manuscript with a university cited.”

77. Two With Same Year
Johnson, D. (2009). Travelling to the business world and back. Toronto, ON: Pearson.
Johnson, D. (2009). Taking my time: A new approach to problem solving. Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill.
Publication Manual, p. 211, item 58: “Unpublished manuscript with a university cited.” Note that these are still in the wrong order in this slide

78. Two With Same Year
Johnson, D. (2009a). Taking my time: A new approach to problem solving. Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill.
Johnson, D. (2009b). Travelling to the business world and back. Toronto, ON: Pearson.
arrange alphabetically by title and
use alphabetical suffixes
Publication Manual, p. 211, item 58: “Unpublished manuscript with a university cited.” Note that these are still in the wrong order in this slide

79. Journal Article With DOI
Article/Chapter title: only
first word capitalized, no
italics or quotation marks.
Given name initial only
Andrejevic, M. (2002). The work of being watched. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 19(2), doi: /
Journal title & volume
number in italics
Digital Object Identifier

80. Journal Article—No DOI
More than 7 authors:
first 6 plus last.
Article/Chapter title: only
first word capitalized, no
italics or quotation marks.
Mori, E., Hirono, N., Yamashita, H., Imamura, T., Ikejuri, Y., Ikeda, M., Yoneda, Y. (1997). Premorbid brain size as a determinant of reserve capacity against intellectual decline in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(1), Retrieved from
Journal title & volume
number in italics
Home page of journal
(often in citation)

81. Anything that is archived should have a
Course Posting
Ladouceur, N. (2014, March 14). Re: Submitting work in a timely fashion. [RCLP2023 posting]. Retrieved from discussions/List
Anything that is archived should have a
reference list entry.
Publication Manual, pp. 179, section Note that such personal communications are not typically included in the reference list—though see the next slide for an example of one that might be.

82. Course Notes
Deal, M. (2001). Lecture notes week twelve: Anthropology 3291 [Course notes]. Memorial University, Saint John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved May 26, 2009, from ~mdeal/Anth3291/notes12.htm
Include retrieval date only if material
Is likely to change over time.
The retrieval date may be needed because the source material may change over time.
American Psychological Association. APA Style Guide to Electronic References, Sixth Edition (Kindle Locations ). American Psychological Association. Kindle Edition. .

83. Wikipedia Entry
Plagiarism. (2017, 16 March). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=
This is the “archived” entry for the
date indicated—the preferred form.
The retrieval date may be needed because the source material may change over time.
American Psychological Association. APA Style Guide to Electronic References, Sixth Edition (Kindle Locations ). American Psychological Association. Kindle Edition. .

84. Wikipedia Entry This is the “archived” entry for the
date indicated—the preferred form.
The retrieval date may be needed because the source material may change over time.
American Psychological Association. APA Style Guide to Electronic References, Sixth Edition (Kindle Locations ). American Psychological Association. Kindle Edition. .

85. Wikipedia Entry Click on the link for the dated copy; the
URL will be unique to that text.
The retrieval date may be needed because the source material may change over time.
American Psychological Association. APA Style Guide to Electronic References, Sixth Edition (Kindle Locations ). American Psychological Association. Kindle Edition. .

86. Online Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia title in italics.
Use named author
(if available)
Padian, K. (2009). Confuciusornis. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
No date of retrieval needed
(text is unchanging)
URL

87. Online Dictionary—No Author
Dictionary title in italics.
Use entry title in place
of author
Obsessive compulsive disorder. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (2017 ed.). Retrieved from obsessive%20compulsive%20disorder
No date of retrieval needed
(but provide dictionary year
or edition)
URL

88. Formatting Entries
Let Microsoft Word do the heavy lifting!

89. Hanging Indentation Use a hanging indent.
Babnik, K., Breznik, K., Dermol, V., & Širca, N. T. (2014). The mission statement: Organisational culture perspective. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(4), doi: /IMDS
Use a hanging indent.
Publication Manual, pp. 179, section Note that such personal communications are not typically included in the reference list—though see the next slide for an example of one that might be.

90. Under the “Home” tab, access the “Paragraph” group

91. Under “Indentation,” locate “Special” and select “hanging”

92. Would you like to know more?
go.unb.ca/wss