1. Ballast Water Treatment Technology: Marine Environmental Associates
12/4/2009
Ballast Water Treatment Technology:
Methods, Technologies, and Obstacles
Midwest/Great Lakes Forum
December 4, 2009
Chicago, IL
Ross Kanzleiter
Marine Environmental Associates

2. Presentation Overview
12/4/2009
Presentation Overview
Background
International, National, and Great Lakes Regulations
Ballast Water Exchange
Ballast Water Treatment & Technologies
Technology Approval
Current Status of Ballast Water Technologies
Treatment Obstacles

3. Background Ballast Water - For trim & stability
12/4/2009
Background
Ballast Water
- For trim & stability
- Includes: water, stones, sediment, living organisms
Amount
- 12 billion tons transported annually
- Ships can carry 100,000 to 10,000,000 gallons
Impact
- Over 7,000+ marine species transported daily
- Every 9 weeks a species is introduced in the world
non-native species have entered Great Lakes
- $5 billion estimated economic impact of Zebra
mussels over the next decade *

4. IMO Convention Driving factor for ballast water treatment technologies
12/4/2009
IMO Convention
International Convention for the Control of Ship Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004
Regulation D-1 sets exchange standards
Regulation D-2 sets discharge standards for treatment
The convention will enter into force 12 months after at least 30 States, the combined merchant fleets of which constitute at least 35% of the gross tonnage of the world’s merchant shipping have ratified the Convention.
As of October 2009, there are 18 signatories (ratifications) to the Convention, representing 15.36% worlds shipping gross tonnage.
- Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Egypt, France, Kenya, Kiribati, Liberia, Maldives, Mexico, Nigeria, Norway, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Syrian Arab Republic , Tuvalu
Driving factor for ballast water treatment technologies

5. Treatment Discharge Standards
12/4/2009
Treatment Discharge Standards
USCG Phase 1
USCG Phase 2
USCG: <1 / 100 m3

6. 12/4/2009
Implementation – IMO

7. Implementation – Proposed USCG
12/4/2009
Implementation – Proposed USCG

8. Great Lakes Ballast Water Regulations
12/4/2009
Great Lakes Ballast Water Regulations
Great Lakes – National Invasive Species Act → USCG proposed rulemaking
Clean Water Act → NPDES Vessel General Permit (VGP)
Canada Shipping Act → IMO D-2
Best Management Practices for U.S., Canada, and Industry
St. Lawrence Seaway’s NOBOB requirement → Salinity>30 ppt
Ballast Water Reporting Form 24 hrs prior to Seaway, Canadian Waters & U.S. Waters
Michigan – Oceangoing vessels must obtain certificates of coverage (COC), MDEQ permit MIG140000
– Treatments: Hypochorite, ClO2, UV+Filter, Deoxygenation
Minnesota – State Disposal Permit, MPCA permit MNG300000
– Best Management Practices, and Biological Treatment Standards (IMO)
New York – Existing vessels meet 100x IMO size class standards by 2012
– Vessels built after Jan. 2013: 0 > 50 μm, 0.01/ml for μm

9. Great Lakes Requirements Continued
12/4/2009
Great Lakes Requirements Continued
Wisconsin – Proposed Draft Ballast Water Permit
– Existing oceangoing vessels must meet 100x IMO by 2012 if technology is available, otherwise IMO standards apply
– New oceangoing vessels built after Jan. 2013, 1000x IMO
Indiana – Existing oceangoing vessels must meet IMO standards by January 1, 2016
– New oceangoing vessels built after January 1, 2012 → IMO
Ohio – Standards similar to Indiana
– Lakers launched after January 2016 must meet IMO
Illinois – IMO standards
Pennsylvania – Existing oceangoing vessels and lakers must meet IMO standards by January 1, 2016
– New oceangoing vessels and lakers built after January 1, 2012 must meet more stringent standards (similar to NY)

10. Ballast Water Exchange
12/4/2009
Ballast Water Exchange
Must achieve an efficiency of at least 95% volumetric exchange
Accomplished by either emptying and refilling tanks sequentially or,
Pumping through three times the volume of each ballast water tank
- Pumping through less than three times the volume may be accepted, provided the ship can demonstrate at least 95% volume exchange occur.
Must be 200 nm from the nearest land, in water at least 200 m deep
Ballast Water Exchange Example: Ship leaves a port in the Indian Ocean, discharges cargo in the Mediterranean and takes up ballast water. Ballast water exchange occurs in the Atlantic prior to the ship entering the Great Lakes to pick up cargo.
*Corrina Chase, Christine Reilly, and Judith Pederson, Ph.D., “Marine Bioinvasions Fact Sheet: Ballast Water Treatment Options,” Sea Grant.

11. Exchange Safety Issues Exchange Limitations
12/4/2009
Exchange
Safety Issues
Exchange Limitations
Can not entirely remove sediments and residual water from tank bottoms
Organisms on tank walls and structural supports remain
Coastal vessels/trades that don’t travel 200 nm from shore, approx. 9%
Sloshing Loads
Bending Moments
Sheer Forces
Stability Margins
Weather Window
Torsional Stresses
Tank Venting
Draft
Propeller Immersion
Crew Safety

12. Ballast Water Treatment Necessities
12/4/2009
Ballast Water Treatment Necessities
Safe (for ship and crew)
Environmentally Acceptable
Effective
Affordable
Approved
Available

13. Treatment Considerations
12/4/2009
Treatment Considerations
Ship Type
Ballast Capacity
Space Required (footprint & volume)
Treatment System Location
Integration with Ship Systems
Certified Intrinsically Safe
Power Availability
Health and Safety
System Availability
Additional Crew Workload
Capital and Operating Expenses
Effects on Tank Structure/Coatings
Availability of Consumables, Spares and Support

14. Ballast Water Treatment Technologies
12/4/2009
Ballast Water Treatment Technologies
Disinfection
Active Substance
Chlorination
Electro-chlorination
Chlorine Dioxide
Ozonation
Peracetic Acid
Vitamin K
Hydrogen Peroxide
Advanced Oxidation Technology (UV+TiO2)
Residual Control
Dechlorination
Chemical Reduction
Sodium Bisulfite
Sodium Thiosulfate
Physical Separation
Treatment
Hydrocyclone
Surface Filtration
Depth Filtration
Physical Treatment
UV Irradiation
Deoxygenation
Gas Injection
Ultrasonic
Cavitation
Heat
Physical Assistance
Ultrasonic
Cavitation
Chemical Enhancement
Coagulation/ Flocculation

15. Physical Separation - Hydrocyclone
12/4/2009
Physical Separation - Hydrocyclone
Hydrocyclone - Centrifugal force assists gravity to remove organisms based on density
- Vortex moves more dense organisms/sediments to the outwards for removal
Separation efficiency dependent on organism density, size, speed of rotation (vortex), and residence time under rotation
Requires disinfection treatment due to organisms with densities similar to water
*Hamann Hydrocyclone as part of the SEDNA treatment system
*Ecologix Environmental Systems Hydrocyclone Separator

16. Physical Separation - Filtration
12/4/2009
Physical Separation - Filtration
Surface Filtration - Porous screens, wound wire, mesh
- Filter efficiency dependent on mesh size, flow rate, operating pressure and backwashing frequency
Typically range in size from 30 to 50 µm
Organisms removed via automatic backwash, accounting for 1-5% ballast flow
Depth Filtration - Porous filtration medium to retain particles throughout the filter
Sand, gravel, fluidized bed, etc.
Generally not feasible for shipboard operations
1 treatment system employs a stacked-disk depth filter with auto-backwash
*BSFC The Ballast Safe Filtration Company, Surface Filter
*Hyde Marine Ballast Water Treatment System, Depth Filter + UV

17. Chemical Treatment – Active Substances
12/4/2009
Chemical Treatment – Active Substances
Majority of chemical treatments are biocides
Classified as oxidizing and non-oxidizing
Stored on a vessel as a gas or liquid, or generated on demand
Some technologies use coagulants to increase physical separation efficiency
Chemical treatments typically applied during ballast uptake
May also be applied during vessel transit and/or discharge
Discharge treatment typically applied to remove/reduce residuals
Majority of technologies ensure a residual is present to prevent regrowth
As the residual degrades over time, in-transit treatment may be applied
Or initial treatment applied so the ship arrival coincides with full residual degradation
Can not impact receiving waters upon discharge (residual, DBPs, etc.)
Must be intrinsically safe in addition to fail safe operations
Physical separation is typically applied as a pretreatment to reduce organic content and sediment loading

18. Chemical Treatment – Oxidizing Biocides
12/4/2009
Chemical Treatment – Oxidizing Biocides
Oxidizing technologies chemically break organic bonds to cause mortality
Examples of oxidizing agents employed for ballast water treatment:
Chlorine
Chlorine Dioxide
Hydrogen Peroxide
Ozone
Peracetic Acid
Discharge treatment to remove/reduce residuals typically includes:
Sodium Bisulfite or Sodium Thiosulfate
Or initial treatment applied so the ship arrival coincides with full residual degradation
Electrochlorination is an indirect method of chemical treatment
Electrical current applied to water to create hydroxyl radicals, ozone, and sodium hypochorite
Electrochlorination systems do not require stored chemicals
On-demand technology but requires a minimum level of salt in the water

19. Chemical Treatment – Oxidizing Biocides
12/4/2009
Chemical Treatment – Oxidizing Biocides
*Siemens Water Technologies SiCure, Electrochlorination Ballast Water Treatment System
*Severn Trent Services BalPure, Electrochlorination Ballast Water Treatment System
*EcoChlor Ballast Water treatment System, Chlorine Dioxide

20. Chemical Treatments – Others
12/4/2009
Chemical Treatments – Others
Non-Oxidizing Biocides
Operate similar to pesticides by destroying, suppressing or altering the life cycle of aquatic organisms
Examples applied to ballast water: gluteraldehyde and Vitamin K (menadione)
Advantages include non-oxidizing, noncorrosive, available, and natural
Coagulants
Added to improve physical separation efficiency
Typically require large holding tank and long retention time to be effective
Primary coagulants include alum and/or iron salts
Coagulation aids are typically a high density inorganic power (magnetite, sand, etc.)
Few technologies employ this treatment
Biological Treatment
Involve the addition of live organisms, such as bacteria or yeast, and/or viruses that function to directly eradicate or produce deadly environmental conditions
Considered an active substance by the IMO Convention
Any organisms added for treatment must be killed/inactivated prior to discharge
Some biological treatments under development, but have limited potential

21. Physical Treatment Cavitation and Ultrasonic Treatment Heat
12/4/2009
Physical Treatment
Cavitation and Ultrasonic Treatment
Operate by abruptly disturbing organisms through the collapse of microbubbles
Disruption intended to inflict a mortal impact on an organisms surface
Typically generated via hydrodynamic means or high frequency vibration
Often implemented in conjunction with other treatments for improved mortality
Heat
Application of sufficient heat to ballast water to render all organisms inactive
Several heat treatments have been proposed/designed but not implemented
Modern merchant vessels are very efficient with insufficient waste heat for treatment
Heat Treatment Example: 1) Sea water pumped in to flush ballast tanks, 2) The sea water is heated (darker shade) by freshwater used to cool the ship’s engines, 3) The heated sea water is pumped into the ballast tanks, 4) The treated ballast water is discharged overboard.
*Corrina Chase, Christine Reilly, and Judith Pederson, Ph.D., “Marine Bioinvasions Fact Sheet: Ballast Water Treatment Options,” Sea Grant

22. Physical Treatment - Deoxygenation
12/4/2009
Physical Treatment - Deoxygenation
Inert gas applied to displace/strip oxygen from ballast water
After a sufficient length of time under anoxic conditions, biological concentrations are reduced to acceptable discharge concentrations from asphyxiation
Typically takes 1 to 4 days to reach acceptable discharge standards
Upon discharge, ballast water is reaerated as applicable
Inert gases employed include nitrogen and carbon dioxide that may be stored or created onboard on-demand
The addition of carbon dioxide creates carbonic and carboxylic acid, slightly decreasing pH
A major advantage includes significantly reduced tank corrosion (no oxygen)
*Mitsubishi VOS Ballast Water Treatment System, Carbon Dioxide Deoxygenation

23. Physical Treatment – UV Irradiation
12/4/2009
Physical Treatment – UV Irradiation
Kills or inactivates wide range or organisms by damaging genetic material and proteins
Well established treatment method for municipal and industrial water applications
Requires good UV light transmission, i.e. clarity and turbidity
Advanced oxidation technologies are chemical treatments including ozone, hydrogen peroxide and reagents (titanium dioxide) that substantially increase the oxidation potential and mortality when combined with UV (Note, AOT are considered an Active Substance by IMO)
UV is insufficient without additional treatment steps to meet acceptable discharge standards
Proven technology that is widely employed for ballast water treatment
*Alfa Laval’s PureBallast, Advanced Oxidation Technology UV + Titanium Dioxide

24. Combination Treatments
12/4/2009
Combination Treatments
Vast majority of technologies employ multiple treatment methods to achieve acceptable discharge levels
Prime Example = UV Irradiation & Filtration
Alone, either method is unable to produce the desired results
Combined, these combination technologies have proven successful
Most treatment systems employ physical separation prior to disinfection

25. Approval Requirements
12/4/2009
Approval Requirements
Basic Approval (G8):
- All treatment systems are required to be approved in accordance with IMO Resolution MEPC.174(58), Guidelines for Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems (G8)
Final Approval (G9):
- All treatments that use or produce an “Active Substance” must also be approved in accordance with IMO Resolution MEPC.169(57), Procedures for Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems That Make Use of Active Substances (G9)
The IMO will provide Basic and Final Approval to G9
Flag States will provide Type Approval ballast water technologies
Type Approval is the final step

26. 12/4/2009
IMO Approval Process

27. Current Technology Status
12/4/2009
Current Technology Status
*As of December 4th ,2009
8 Active Substance systems with Final Approval (G8 & G9)
8 Active Substance systems that have Basic Approval (G8) and require Final Approval (G9)
2 non-Active Substance systems have Basic Approval (G8) and are Type Approved
30+ treatment systems are under development or available

28. Technologies Available
12/4/2009
Technologies Available
*As of December 4th ,2009
7 technologies have received Type Approval
3 additional technologies awaiting Type Approval
* IMO Basic and Final Approval ≠ Type Approval Certification

29. 12/4/2009
Treatment Obstacles
Variable ballast water conditions: salinity, temperature, organisms
IMO Basic and Final Approval
- Insufficient resources for land-based evaluations of technologies
Type Approval
- Few Flag States are approving treatment systems
Acceptance of Type Approved technologies in countries such as Liberia
Inconsistent Regulations Globally, Nationally, and Regionally
Shipboard sampling post treatment system installation
Compliance monitoring
Enforcement and penalties
Insurance and Liability
Treatment system, parts, and services availability
No singular technology is effective on all types of vessels and trades

30. Ross A. Kanzleiter Ross@MarineEnvironmental.com
Illuminating Environmental Solutions
from Ship to Shore