1. Unit 6: How far did the Pakistan Movement develop during the early twentieth century?
The major political developments and attempts at constitutional reform relating to the Pakistan Movement
Main target: The detail of the political attempts to satisfy Hindus and Muslims during the early twentieth century
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2. TIME LINE 1877 Queen Victoria rule 1916 Lucknow Pact
Formation of Indian National Congress
1919 Montague Chelmsford/ Montford Reforms
1905 Partition of Bengal
1919 Rowlatt Act
1906 Simla Deputation
1919 Amritsar Massacre
1909 Morley Minto Reforms
1922 Non-cooperation Movement
1911 Reversal of Bengal
1923 Hindu Mahasabha founded/ Swaraj Part wins seat in election.
1912 Outbreak of Balkan Wars
1927 The Delhi Proposals
1914 Outbreak of World War 1
1915 Congress and League meet in Bombay
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3. Indian National Congress 1885
Background of INC
INC was formed by Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British Civil Servant.
It provided a forum in which Indian politicians would meet annually and apprise the govt. of their demands and problems.
In the beginning Congress declared its loyalty to Queen Victoria.
Many moderate Indians believed that the British were fair-minded and British rule had brought benefit to India.
Other Indians wanted things to move quickly.
In the late 19th century a form of radical nationalism began to develop.
Leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Poona made speeches calling freedom for Indian people. And was imprisoned for writing a proactive newspaper article.
During the late 1870s many secret societies sprung up aimed at ridding India of the British.
British decided to partitioned the Bengal to stop violence.
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4. The Partition of Bengal 1905
REASONS OF Partition:
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5. REACTION TOWARDS PARTITION
The Muslims Views:
Muslims were happy, their position was improved. Muslims had true recognition- province in which they were inn the majority.
The Hindus Views:
They believed that British had divided as Divide and Rule policy.
They thought British had weakened their dominancy.
They proclaimed 16 Oct. 1905, as a day of mourning, hundreds of protest meetings and many petitions sent to the British government.
They started SWADESHI MOVEMENT and boycotted all British goods, salt, cloth.
Announced a series of strike to show their opposition. British sale of goods dropped.
An assassination attempt on the future Viceroy,Lord Minto
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6. SIMLA DEPUTATION 1906[ Muslims attempt]
Reasons for the Simla Deputation:
Muslims got encouraged with the British attitude due to Partition of Bengal.
Reaction of Hindus to partition of Bengal created rift between Hindus and Muslims. Now they looked at British for further favours.
Liberal government’s policy of increasing Indian participation in the government through elections. Muslims feared the domination of Hindus in local government institutions.
Demands of SD: a Muslims delegation was headed by Aga Khan.
“ the position of the Muslim community should not be estimated by its numerical strength alone, but in terms of its political importance and services rendered to the Empire. Higher percentage of seats than heir percentage of population. The right of separate electorate should be given to Muslims in local and provincial elections.”
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7. Leaders contributed in the formation of AIML
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9. Formation of Muslim League
On December , the annual meeting of Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka under the chairmanship of Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk. Almost 3,000 delegates attended the session making it the largest-ever representative gathering of Muslim India. For the first time the conference lifted its ban on political discussion, when Nawab Salim Ullah Khan presented a proposal for establish a political party to safeguard the interests of the Muslims; the All India Muslim League.
The headquarters of the All India Muslim League was established in Lucknow, and Sir Aga Khan was elected as its first president.
Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar wrote the constitution of the League, known as the “Green Book”. Branches were also setup in other provinces.
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10. Objectives/Aims of AIML
To inculcate among Muslims a feeling of loyalty to the government and to disabuse their minds of misunderstandings and misconceptions of its actions and intentions.
To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India and
to represent their needs and aspirations to the government from time to time.
To prevent the growth of ill will between Muslims and other nationalities without compromising to it’s own purposes.
Reactions:
Many Hindu historians and several British writers have alleged that the Muslim League was founded at official instigation.
They argue that it was Lord Minto who inspired the establishment of a Muslim organization so as to divide the Congress and to minimize the strength of the Indian Freedom Movement. But these statements are not supported by evidence.
Contrary to this, the widely accepted view is that the Muslim League was basically established to protect and advance the Muslim interests and to combat the growing influence of the Indian National Congress.
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14. MORLEY MINTO REFORMS 1909/constitutional reform
British attempts to win Indian support MAIN PROVISIONS OF REFORMS: • The Imperial council was increased to sixty members by adding non – official members. However, the British retained control by ensuring that the majority of members were official. • The central executive council was increased by adding sixty new members. • The members of the legislative councils were permitted to discuss the budget, suggest the amendments and even to vote on them. • Provincial councils were also increased to fifty members in larger provinces [Bombay, Madras, and Bengal] and thirty members to smaller provinces. • Muslims representatives to the councils were elected by a separate Muslim only electorate.
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15. Negative: EFFECTS/ IMPORTANCE/ CONSEQUENCES OF MORLEY MINTO REFORMS
Positive results for Muslims
• Acceptance of the separate electorates for Muslims.
• To elect the Muslims members for the legislature from the Muslim constituencies
• Muslims could convey demands and grievances to the British through the elected representations.
• It helped to elect all India AIML [All India Muslim League] as a separate political parties of the Muslims.
• In later years helped AIML for an independent homeland.
Negative:
• The number of voters was small so only a fraction of population could participate in system of voting so Hindus argued that this was undemocratic.
• British had no intentions to setup a parliament in India, they just wanted to hear Indian demands to avoid law and order problems in future.
• British wanted to give an impression that Indians are a part of the government in order to bring stability. However, Indians could not be convinced this way.
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16. LUCKNOW PACT 1916 -Reasons • Rift between British and Muslims.
• The Muslims and Hindus wanted to work together on constitutional reform. For the first time Hindus acknowledge that Muslims has the right to a separate electorate and was therefore seen as a beacon of hope in future.
• Morley Minto Reforms did most give any real power to Indians, even if the rights if the right of separate electorate was accepted.
• Muslims League changed its manifesto in 1913 and its primary goal was freedom for India.
• In British support the Balkan state against Turkey in the Balkan wars. Muslim thought that British are fighting against the Muslim interest at the global level and not actually sincere to them. Muslim thought that cooperation with the congress might be a better option than cooperating with the British.
• The reversal of partition of Bengal 1911 affected British - Muslim relations negatively. Muslims considered it as a betrayal by the British. They thought that their loyalty had been rewarded in reversal of partition of Bengal in To achieve their rights from the British they had joined the congress and signed the Lucknow pact.
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17. MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE PACT:
1) The Congress accepted separate electorate for Muslims.
2) 1/3rd seats would be reserved for Muslims in central legislature.
3) Muslims and Hindus would be given weighted in the provinces where they formed minority.
4) No bill affecting any particular community would proceed with in any council if 1/3rd of the representatives of that community opposed it.
COMMON SET OF DEMANDS PRESENTED BEFORE THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT
• The number of elected seats on the councils should be increased.
• Motions, which were passed by large majorities in the councils should be accepted as binding by the British government.
• Minorities in the provinces should be protected.
• All provinces should have autonomy.
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18. 1919 Montford/ Montague Chelmsford Reforms
MAIN PROVISIONS OF 1919 REFORMS
1) Bicameral legislature was established in the center. The time period of the Upper House (Council of State) was to be 5 years and that of the Lower house (legislative Assembly) to be 3 years.
2) Separate electorates were kept for the Muslims and the Sikhs.
3) System of "Diarchy" was introduced in the provinces which gave authority to the central government to interfere in the provincial matters. All the areas of administration divided into reserved and transferred subjects. Reserved subjects include justice, police, revenue, power resources and press and publications while transferred subjects are local govt., education, public health, public works and forests. Reserved subjects were controlled by provincial governors and his executive council. Transferred subjects were controlled by the provincial ministers responsible to provincial legislature and elected by the people. Provincial legislature could be dismissed by the viceroy under certain circumstances.
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19. REACTION OF THE INDIANS/OUTCOMES/CONSEQUENCES
4) Out of 103 seats of the Legislative assembly 32 seats were reserved for the Muslims.
5) The council of State would have 60 members, 33 of whom would be elected.
6) A Council of Princes was set up with 108 members to allow the princes to debate matters of importance.
7) The British also claimed that they were extending voting rights to more local people, but new regulation still meant that only 5.5 million (2%) of India's 250 million populations could vote.
REACTION OF THE INDIANS/OUTCOMES/CONSEQUENCES
• Congress and ML had recently come together, calling for self-rule, and they were disappointed by the new structure.
• Only the moderates in Congress welcomed the reforms but they were excluded from the party.
• Local people had more say in how their country was govern, but, in reality, the British maintained their grip on power by ensuring that the authority to control how India was governed.
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20. ROWLATT ACT 1919 Reasons for passing this Act:
• The purpose was to deal with those who did not accept Montford report.
• Growth of evolutionary activities in India against British Rule.
• British wanted to show their strength to Indians by using force.
This act included
• the right of arrest without a warrant and
• detention without bail;
• The right of the provincial government to order people where to live.
Reactions/outcomes:
• In reactions M.A Jinnah resigned from the Imperial Legislative Council in protest and Gandhi called strikes against the proposals.
• Not acceptable and caused uproar in India.
• Throughout April 1919 there were strikes and demonstrations across India but the Viceroy ignored the opposition, accepted the recommendations and Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919.
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21. AMRITSAR MASSACRE 1919
Background: -Reaction of Rowlatt Act, demonstrations all over India.
-General Dyer banned public meetings and anti-government publications.
-1919 two nationalist leaders deported.
- Rioting started in Amritsar and two banks were attacked and 5 Europeans were also killed in the rioting.
The Punjab faced the most profound impact of Rowlatt Act in Amritsar. A meeting that had been organized was banned by the Government but the organizers Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus decided to go there. In that peaceful demonstration there were 20 thousands people at Jallianwala Bagh. A British officer General Dyer ordered all exits to be sealed off and for soldiers to open fire without warning on unarmed civilians. Around 4 hundreds people were killed in Jallian wala Bagh Massacre.
Hunter Committee: A special enquiry, the Hunter Committee, was set up in England to investigate what Dyer had done in Amritsar. Dyer was removed from active service, but he was not punished. Many Europeans thought him as hero .Dyer explained that they should obey British rule and he has taken these measures to uphold British glory in India. The Indians were highly insulted by the report of Hunter Committee.
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