1. Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
Chapter Three
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights

2. Enduring Questions
Why not display religious symbols on government property?
If a person confesses that he has committed a crime, why is that confession sometimes not presented in court?
Should numerical goals be used to ensure that students and workers are drawn from every racial group?
Why has abortion become so controversial an issue?
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3. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
Definition of civil liberties
Definition of civil rights
Bill of Rights added as amendments to Constitution, following ratification
Initially, Bill of Rights applied to the federal government
Americans preoccupied with rights for a number of reasons
Few rights are absolute, most are in conflict
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4. Exceptions to protection
Freedom of Expression
If government wants to restrict expression, it carries the burden of proof
Exceptions to protection
Corporations have many of the same rights as individuals, except those relating to campaign finance
Minors do not have same rights as adults
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5. The establishment clause
Church and State
Free exercise clause
The establishment clause
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6. Most nations punish police misconduct apart from the criminal trial
Crime and Due Process
Both the meaning of the protections and the implementation of the Court’s decisions are matters of controversy
Most nations punish police misconduct apart from the criminal trial
United States punishes by excluding improperly obtained evidence
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7. Crime and Due Process (Cont’d)
The exclusionary rule
Search and seizure
Confessions and self-incrimination
Relaxing the exclusionary rule
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8. Terrorism and Civil Liberties
USA Patriot Act
Powers of government investigators who have a court order
Other investigatory powers
Statutes of limitation on terrorist crimes eliminated and penalties increased
Noncitizens believed to be terrorists or who have harbored terrorists to be tried in a military court
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9. Equal Protection of the Laws
Violations of the equal protection clause
Race and strict scrutiny
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10. Table 3.1: Increase in Number of Black Elected Officials
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11. Equal Protection of the Laws (Cont’d)
Sex and “reasonable classifications”
Sexual harassment
The draft: Rostker v. Goldberg (1981)
Privacy and sex
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12. Reconsidering the Enduring Questions
Why not display religious symbols on government property?
If a person confesses that he has committed a crime, why is that confession sometimes not presented in court?
Should numerical goals be used to ensure that students and workers are drawn from every racial group?
Why has abortion become so controversial an issue?
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.