1. Kingdoms and Domains
Section 1.4

2. Learning Goals
We are learning the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
We are learning to identify common characteristics between the 6 kingdoms of life.

3. Kingdoms and Domains
Linnaeus originally proposed a two kingdom system: plants and animals
but since nobody had microscopes, nobody knew about all of the smallest forms of life
biologist then discovered prokaryotes and eukaryotes
there has been lots of debate as to how to begin classify organisms at the most general level

4. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cont’d…
there has been lots of debate as to how to begin classify organisms at the most general level

5. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cont’d…
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Has membrane bound organelles
Has no membrane bound organelles
Cellulose based cell wall (where a cell wall is present)
Peptidoglycan based cell wall (where a cell wall is present)
DNA held on linear chromosomes
DNA held on circular chromosomes
DNA located within the nucleus
DNA contained within the cytoplasm
ATP production occurs in mitochondria
ATP production occurs in folded regions of the cell membrane called mesosomes
Has a nucleus
Does not have a nucleus
Large ribosomes
Small ribosomes
Have a phospholipid bi-layer cell membrane
May have Flagella
there has been lots of debate as to how to begin classify organisms at the most general level

6. Domains of Life
a domain is a new taxonomic rank (highest level) which ALL organisms can be classified into three distinct groups: Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes
these groups showed significant differences in their genetic makeup, which was very compelling evidence of their distinct evolutionary kinship

7. Domains of Life Cont’d…
Cell Characteristics
Other Characteristics
Eubacteria
prokaryotes
unique cell structures, proteins and genetics
more ‘primitive’ biochemistry
include the traditional bacteria
obtain energy in a variety of ways
Archaea
prokaryotes, though their genes and enzymes behave more like eukaryotes
live in extreme and harsh environments (eg. extreme heat)
live in anaerobic environments
Eukarya
eukaryotes
can be either unicellular or multicellular
can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

8. Kingdoms of Life
this places Eubacteria and Archaea in their own kingdoms along with four separate kingdoms of eukaryotes
*Note:* the branches of the phylogenetic tree and the distance between shows an estimate of how closely related the groups are

9. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Eubacteria
Cell characteristics:
Prokaryotic
Cells walls contain a unique compound
Cells are variable in shape and size
Other characteristics:
Diverse means of obtaining food and nutrients
All can reproduce sexually
Escherichia coli

10. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Archaea
Cell characteristics:
prokaryotic
cell walls and cell membranes have a unique structure
most are extremely small
Other characteristics:
some colonize extreme  environments
live in the digestive tracts  of mammals and marine environments
all can reproduce asexually
extreme thermophiles(organisms that thrive at high temperatures),

11. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Protista
Cell characteristics:
eukaryotic
cells have extreme  diversity of cellular structure
some have chloroplasts  and cell walls
Other characteristics:
May be heterotrophic or  photosynthetic, or both
Have variable forms of movement
Usually live in aquatic or other  moist environments
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Amoeba

12. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Fungi
Cell characteristics:
eukaryotic
the cell wall is  composed of chitin
most are multicellular
cells have no chloroplasts
Other characteristics:
all are heterotrophic
most are terrestrial
reproduce sexually and asexually
Mushrooms

13. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Plants
Cell characteristics:
eukaryotic
all are multicellular
cell walls are composed of cellulose
possess chloroplasts
Other characteristics:
autotrophic and photosynthetic
most are terrestrial
reproduce sexually and asexually
Conifers

14. Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life
Animals
Cell characteristics:
eukaryotic
all are multicellular
cells have no cell walls  or chloroplasts
Other characteristics:
all are heterotrophic
most are terrestrial
reproduce sexually and asexually
Elephants

15. Check This Out …
Endosymbiosis

16. Learning Goals
We are learning the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
We are learning to identify common characteristics between the 6 kingdoms of life.

17. Homework
complete 1.4 questions #1-5