1. Motion in the ocean
Chapter 3

2. Water is the coolest molecule
Water exists in 3 states: solid, liquid and gas
It is held together by hydrogen bonds
It has unique properties such as surface tension and capillary action

3. Ice floats on water. This is critical to our planets survival
Ice insulates the water below
Provides an ecological niche

4. SeaWater Contains more than just salt NaCl
Weathering and erosion from land wash large amounts of minerals into the sea
Hydrothermal vents bring minerals to the surface
For every 100 g of seawater there are 3.5 g of minerals
85% of these minerals are NaCl, but K+, Mg+2, SO4-2, Ca+2, HCO3-1, Sr+2,F-1 and H3BO4-1 ions are all included

5. Dissolved gases
Nitrogen and Carbon dioxide and oxygen are dissolved gases critical to life in the ocean
While most solids dissolve better in warm water, gases dissolve better in cold water
This is critical for life in the ocean, and to life on the land
The phytoplankton need CO2 for photosynthesis to produce O2 for us.

6. Transparency Sea water is relatively transparent
Sunlight can penetrate the water
Suspended solids and plants cut light transmision
Blue light penetrates the deepest because it is the most energetic, red the least

7. Pressure Each 33 ft adds an additional atmosphere of pressure
Gases are compressed
Gas filled organs such as bladders and lungs are compressed

9. Surface circulation
Coriolis effect: because of earths rotation, water in the northern hemisphere will move to the right and water in the southern hemisphere will move to the left.
Wind patterns are driven by the heat of the sun. warming equatorial air moves up, sucking cooler air from the north in to replace it. This causes movement of air called the trade winds.

11. Surface currents
Wind fields of the atmosphere push the sea creating currents.
The wind direction does not equal the surface direction because the coriolis effect bends the direction
The water moves in huge circular patterns called gyres

12. Current density
Cold water is more dense than warm water because the molecules are closer together
Salinity: higher salt content makes water more dense…this occurs at the polar ice caps as the water freezes out the salt
Also evaporation leads to more salty water

14. Ocean temperatures

15. Waves Wind causes waves
The top is called a crest , the bottom is the trough
Wavelength is the distance between 2 crests
The number of wave passing a point in a given time is the period of the wave
The fetch is the span of water over which the wind is blowing

20. Vertical Motion
The water column is divided into three zones: surface layer, intermediate layer and the deep layer
All layers are controlled by salinity and temperature

21. Changes in the layers
Seasonal sunlight penetration, warms the water and it becomes less dense
Dense saline water sinks
Very cold water sinks
Wind can cause changes

22. Buffer solution, a solution which reduces the change of pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base, or upon dilution
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