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Scientific Revolution
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Medieval View of the World
Primarily religious and theological Society largely governed by Church views, traditions, and practices Superstition played a major role in lives of people Scientific thought in the 16th century was still based on Medieval ideas Aristotle Geocentric view Science as branch of theology
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Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Medieval universities provided the framework By 1300, philosophy had become accepted discipline Leading universities established new professorships of mathematics, astronomy, and physics The Renaissance stimulated science by rediscovering ancient mathematics Navigational problems on sea voyages in the age of overseas expansion created a need for scientific advances Medieval philosophers developed a degree of independence from theologians and a sense of free inquiry New instruments- telescope (Lippershey and Galileo) , barometer, thermometer, pendulum clock, microscope, and air pump Gresham college- England- scientists worked closely with top officials in the royal navy and leading merchants and shipbuilders
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Causes of Scientific Revolution
Scientific Methodology Francis Bacon formalized empirical, experimental research Rene Descartes emphasized deductive reasoning Cogito Ergo Sum I think therefore I am – Descartes Descartes is going to emphasize doubt Famous work- Discourse on Method, 1637 Separation of mind and matter Father of modern rationalism His books placed on papal Index of Forbidden Books and condemned by Protestant theologians Bacon- Emphasized inductive reasoning – don’t begin with assumed principles – move away from the particular/general Bacon’s inductive method with Descartes deductive reasoning is backbone of modern scientific method Descartes – proof depended on logic alone
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Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution became the major cause of the new world view of the 17th and 18th centuries Secularism emerged and many educated people became openly hostile to religion Revolution in learning became a major foundation in Western society
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16th Century Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres Heliocentric view: argued that the earth revolved around the Sun and the sun was the center of the universe Church Reaction- Seemed to challenge the Bible's Book of Genesis Martin Luther and Calvin condemned his theory- Bible supports medieval view By 1616, Catholic Church proclaimed Copernican theory as false and persecuted those who advanced views- Galileo Apparent movement of the stars was a result of the Earth’s movement- universe now seemed enormous, perhaps infinite Directly challenged Ptolemy’s view of geocentric universe He dedicated his book to Pope Paul III and did not intend for his theories to challenge Church doctrine -Catholic reaction less forceful, because not always interpret Bible literally - But it was eventually banned, but later removed for list of forbidden books
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Johannes Kepler Mathematically proved Copernican theory
Three laws of planetary motion Orbits of planets are elliptical Planets do not move at uniform speed while in their orbits Time it takes for a planet to orbit the sun is based on the distance from the sun Tycho Brahe – Europe’s leading astronomer in the late 16th century Built the best observatory in Europe and collected massive data on his observations of the universe His data will later prove Copernicus’ theory Ironically, he did not believe Copernicus- thought planets revolved around sun, but the sun revolved around earth Kepler- first great Protestant scientist Assistant to Brahe
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Galileo Galilei Developed the laws of motion Law of inertia
Validated Copernicus’ heliocentric view with the aid of the telescope His findings became controversial with Catholic Church Heretical – house arrest for the rest of his life Used the experimental method Acceleration experiment – gravity was a universal force that produced uniform acceleration All falling objects descend with equal velocity regardless of their weight Inertia- an object that is in motion remains in motion until it is stopped by some external force Galileo was the first to use the telescope as a scientific instrument; he built one himself
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Sir Isaac Newton Incorporated the astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with the physics of Galileo into an overarching theory explaining order and design of universe Principle of universal gravitation Natural laws of motion Mathematical relationship Since natural laws are unchangeable and predictable, God’s active participation in the natural world is not needed to explain forces of nature Directly challenged medieval beliefs Became foundation for Deism
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Impact of Scientific Revolution
Led to the Enlightenment of the 18th century Improvements in exploration Spirit of experimentation helped accelerate the Agricultural Revolution of the 18th century Improvements in medical knowledge --- better quality of life After Catholic Counter Reformation- Church became more hostile to science and declined in Italy Protestant countries became leaders of scientific revolution
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