1. Paragraph development II

2. Practice: comparing and contrast
A comparison between A and B
A comparison of
In comparison with
comparison
Compared with/to
As compared to
compared
Similarities between
Similarities analogies

3. How to look for more collocations

5. differences different disctinction Differences in different from
Different to/than
different
Distinction between
disctinction

8. Practice: cause-effect relations
Write a paragraph on the causes of urbanization (i.e. the process by which more and more people leave the countryside to live in cities), having the following topic sentence:
In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas.
You may want to use some of these ideas:
increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century
creation of many factory jobs located in cities
promise of a better material life,
schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers (promise of a better education)
places of leisure entertainment, and culture established, (sports stadiums, theaters, and museums).

9. In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons for this occurrence. First, the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better material life, attracted many people from rural areas. Second, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers. The promise of a better education persuaded many families to leave farming communities and move to the cities. Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums, theathers, and museums. For many people, these facilities made city life appear more interesting than life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities.

10. Task
Rewrite the underlined sentences so as to include the words provided below (one version for each word)
In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. 1)There are several reasons for this occurrence. First, the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century 2) resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better material life, 3) attracted many people from rural areas.
1) stem / origin / determine/account/chain reaction
2) give rise/ determine
3) contribute / account / reason

11. Key I 1) stem / origin / determine/account/chain reaction
This stems from a number of reasons
the origin of urbanization was the increasing industrialization
This occurrence was largely determined by
Urbanization is mainly accounted for by the increasing…/was the consequence of a chain reaction, set off by/originates in
2) give rise/ determine
determined the creation/gave rise to
3) contribute / account / reason
contributed to attracting…/ account for many people’s decision to move…./was the reason for

12. Second, 4) as an effect of the first wave of industrialization, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers. The promise of a better education 5) persuaded many families to leave farming communities and move to the cities. 6) Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums, theathers, and museums.
4) consequence/result
5) reason/contribute
6) stimulate

13. Key II 4) consequence/result as a consequence /as a result
5) reason/contribute
was the reason for many families’ choice to/ contributed to persuading
6) stimulate
the growth of cities stimulated the establishment of