1. Hardware for Educators
Chapter 4
Hardware for Educators

2. Three main parts of computers
Input
System unit
Output
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

3. The System Unit Electronic components a computer uses to process data
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

4. Data Representation Analog vs. Digital Digital Two states (1) on
(0) off
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

5. Data Representation Binary number system
Combination of ones and zeroes represent characters
Bit
Byte
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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7. The Components of the System Unit
1-(The Motherboard)
Contains many of the electronic components
2- Chip (Processor)
A small piece of semiconducting material usually no bigger than one-half-inch square and is made up of many layers of circuits and microscopic components that carry electronic signals
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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10. The Components of the System Unit
The Control Unit
A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer
Fetch - get the next instruction from memory
Decode - translate the instruction
Execute - carry out the command
Store the result - write the result to memory
Machine cycle
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

11. The Components of the System Unit
The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
Performs the execution part of the machine cycle
Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than)
Logical (AND, OR, NOT)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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13. The Components of the System Unit
The System Clock
Synchronizes all computer operations
Each tick is called a clock cycle
Faster clock means more instructions the CPU can execute each second
Speed measured in gigahertz (GHz)
What is the Speed of your computer? Link
Windows /Pause
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

14. The Components of the System Unit
Memory (ROM)
Used to store data and instructions
The operating system and other system software
Application software
Data being processed by application programs
Bytes are stored at specific locations or addresses
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

15. The Components of the System Unit
Memory (ROM)
Size of memory is measured by the number of bytes available
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

16. The Components of the System Unit
7- Random Access Memory (RAM)
The memory chips in the system unit
When the computer starts, certain operating system files are loaded from a storage device into RAM
What is the Speed of your computer? Link
Windows /Pause
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

17. The Components of the System Unit
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Configuring RAM
The more RAM, the more programs and files a computer can work on at once
Software usually tells you how much RAM is required
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

18. The Components of the System Unit
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Cannot be modified
Contents not lost when the computer is turned off
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

19. The Components of the System Unit
Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards
Expansion slot
A socket on the motherboard that can hold an expansion card
Add new devices or capabilities to the computer
Expansion card
Circuit board that enhances functions of a system component and/or provides connections to peripherals
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

20. The Components of the System Unit
Removable Memory Devices
Flash memory cards
USB flash drives
PC Cards
ExpressCard modules
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

21. The Components of the System Unit
Ports and Connectors
Port
Point of attachment to the system unit
Usually on the back and front of the system unit
Connectors (wires)
Used to plug into ports
Male connectors
Female connectors
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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23. The Components of the System Unit
Ports and Connectors
USB
USB 2.0
USB 3.0
FireWire
Bluetooth
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

24. What is Input?
Any data or instructions you enter into the memory of a computer
Data – unprocessed items
Programs - series of instructions that tells the computer how to perform a task
Commands - an instruction given to a computer program
User responses - responses to questions or messages from the software
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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26. What are Input Devices?
Any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

27. What are Input Devices?
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

28. What are Input Devices? Mouse One or two button mouse Scroll wheel
Moving the mouse pointer
Clicking
Dragging
Double-clicking
Optical mouse
Wireless mouse
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

29. What are Input Devices? Touchpad and Pointing Stick
Touchpad – small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion
Pointing Stick – pressure-sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

30. What are Input Devices? Trackball
Like a mouse, but the ball mechanism is on top
Requires frequent cleaning
Good when you have limited desk space
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

31. What are Input Devices? Joystick Wheel
Uses the movement of a vertical lever
Often used with games
Wheel
Steering-wheel type input device
Used to simulate driving a car or other vehicle
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

32. What are Input Devices? Touch and multi-touch screens
Monitor has a touch sensitive panel
Used to issue simple commands or choose from a list of options
Some models of desktop and notebook computers, all tablet computers, and many mobile devices have touch screens
Kiosks
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

33. What are Input Devices? Optical Scanners
Captures an entire page of text or images such as photographs or artwork electronically
Converts the text or image on the original document into digital data that can be stored on a storage medium and processed by the computer
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

34. What are Input Devices? Pen Input
Users write, draw, and tap on a flat surface to enter input
Stylus – small metal or plastic device that looks like a tiny ink pen but uses pressure instead of ink
Digital pen – slightly larger than a stylus and provides more functionality
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

35. What are Input Devices? Digital Cameras
Allows you to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally
Download, or transfer, pictures to your computer
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

36. What are Input Devices? Audio and Video Input Audio input Video input
Entering speech, music, or sound effects
Sound card
Speech Recognition
Computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken words
Video input
Capturing a full-motion recording onto a computer and storing the video on a computer’s storage medium
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

37. What is Output? Text Graphics Audio Video
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

38. What are Output Devices?
Any computer component capable of conveying information to the user
Commonly used output devices
Display devices
Printers
Data projectors
Facsimile machines
Multifunction devices
Interactive whiteboards
Speakers, headphones, and earphones
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

39. What are Output Devices?
Display devices
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors
Plasma monitors
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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41. What are Output Devices?
Monitor Quality
Resolution (sharpness and clarity)
Expressed as number of columns and rows
1600 x 1200
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

42. What are Output Devices?
Printers
An output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper or transparency film.
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

43. What are Output Devices?
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

44. What are Output Devices?
Nonimpact Printers
Do not strike paper
Much quieter
A- Ink-jet printers
Spray tiny drops of ink onto the paper
Both black-and-white and color
B- Photo printers
Produce photo lab quality pictures
Many use ink-jet technology
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

45. What are Output Devices?
C- Laser printers
High-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer
Very high quality resolution
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

46. What are Output Devices?
Data Projectors
Allows an audience to view output
LCD projectors
Digital light processing (DLP) projector
Most LCD projectors are five pounds and up.
LCD has historically better color saturation but less clear picture
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

47. What are Output Devices?
Facsimile (Fax) Machine
Used to transmit and receive an image of a document over a telephone line
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

48. What are Output Devices?
Multifunction Devices
Can print, scan, copy and fax
Less space
Lower cost than separate units
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

49. What are Output Devices?
Interactive whiteboards
Touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase board.
I’ll have a demo
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

50. What are Output Devices?
Speakers, Headphones, and Earphones
Voice output
Audio output device
Internal speaker
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

51. What is Storage?
The devices that record and retrieve data, instructions, and information
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

52. Storage Media and Devices
Storage device or Short term memory or RAM or Random Access memory (active files, active memory)
Storage Medium or secondary storage or ROM (Read Only Memory) such as Disk, CD, DVD,
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

53. Storage Media and Devices
Magnetic Disk (Floppy or ZIP)
Uses magnetic patterns to store data, instructions, and information on the disk’s surface
Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading and writing by organizing the disk into storage locations called tracks and sectors
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

54. Storage Media and Devices
Hard Disks
Provide large storage capacity
Sizes range from 320 GB to 1.5 TB
Consists of several inflexible, circular disks, called platters
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

55. Storage Media and Devices
Miniature and Portable Hard Disks
Miniature hard disks are found in mobile devices and consumer electronics and have greater storage capacities than flash memory
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

56. Storage Media and Devices
4- Portable Hard Disks (External Hard Discs) Up to 4 TB
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

57. Storage Media and Devices
5. Solid State Drives
A storage device that typically uses flash memory to store data, instructions, and information and contains no moving parts
Range in size from 16 GB to 512 GB
Used in all types of computers
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

58. Storage Media and Devices
6- Optical discs (CDs and DVDs)
Type of storage medium that consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written to and read from using a laser
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

59. Storage Media and Devices
CD-ROM
Compact disc read-only memory
Can contain text, graphics, video, as well as sound
Can hold up to 1 GB
Used to distribute software
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

60. Storage Media and Devices
CD-R and CD-RW
Compact disc-recordable
Can write on each part of the disc only one time
Cannot be erased
Compact disc-rewriteable
Can write on multiple times
Erasable disc
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

61. Storage Media and Devices
DVD and BD
Digital video disc read-only memory (DVD-ROM)
Can store from 4.7 GB to 17 GB
High quality
DVD-ROM drives
BD (Blu-ray Disc) has storage capacities of 100GB, with expectations of exceeding 200 GB
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

62. Storage Media and Devices
7. Miniature Mobile Storage Media (memory cards)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

63. Miniature Mobile Storage Media
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

64. Storage Media and Devices
USB Flash Drive
Storage device that plugs into a USB port on a computer or mobile device
Smart Card
Similar in size to a credit card
Stores data on a thin microprocessor embedded in the card
Cloud Storage
Rapidly growing Internet service that provides storage to computer users
Apple’s iCloud
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators