1. Effect of Alvimopan and Codeine on Gastrointestinal Transit: A Randomized Controlled Study 
Jonathan Gonenne, Michael Camilleri, Irene Ferber, Duane Burton, Kari Baxter, Kian Keyashian, Joseph Foss, Bruce Wallin, Wei Du, Alan R. Zinsmeister 
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 
Volume 3, Issue 8, Pages (August 2005)
DOI: /S (05)
Copyright © 2005 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Experimental design showing timing of medications and transit testing. Note that codeine or its matching placebo was administered on day 0, and both codeine and alvimopan and their respective placebos were given on days 1 and 2.
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2005 3, DOI: ( /S (05) )
Copyright © 2005 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Trial flow. pp, placebo; ap, alvimopan-placebo; pc, placebo-codeine; ac, alvimopan-codeine.
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2005 3, DOI: ( /S (05) )
Copyright © 2005 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Gastric emptying t1/2. Overall comparison with placebo group (PP) using analysis of covariance (overall P value < .001). Codeine significantly delays gastric emptying and there is no reversal of codeine’s effect by cotreatment with alvimopan (*P ≤ .05 vs placebo with Bonferroni correction). pp, placebo; ap, alvimopan-placebo; pc, placebo-codeine; ac, alvimopan-codeine.
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2005 3, DOI: ( /S (05) )
Copyright © 2005 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Small bowel transit (t10%) using proportional hazards model (overall P < .005, adjusting for sex). Codeine slows small-bowel transit, and the delay is reversed by cotreatment with alvimopan.
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2005 3, DOI: ( /S (05) )
Copyright © 2005 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
The effect of alvimopan on colonic transit studies as measured by GC at 24 and 48 hours. Note the significant (P < .05) delay in transit by codeine and acceleration in transit by alvimopan at each end point. Note also that alvimopan completely reverses codeine-induced delay in colonic transit. ◊, alvimopan.
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2005 3, DOI: ( /S (05) )
Copyright © 2005 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 6
Ascending colon emptying (t1/2) using the proportional hazards model. Note that alvimopan partly reverses codeine-induced delay in ascending colon emptying (P = .039 unadjusted).
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2005 3, DOI: ( /S (05) )
Copyright © 2005 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions