1. Dipthongs -ae (eye) -au (‘oww) -oe (‘oy’) -ei (‘A-ih’) -au (oo-ih)
-eu (‘eh-eww’)

2. SYLLABIFICATION (breaking a word into syllables)
A word in Latin or English has as many syllables as it has vowel sounds.
e.g. Turner = 2 syllables, Tur · ner puellae = 3 syllables, pu · el · lae
Snyder = 2 syllables, Sny · der incipiam = 4 syllables, in · ci · pi · am
Houshangi = 3 syllables, Hou · shang ·i atque = 2 syllables, at · que
We show the breaks between syllables using a small dot (·) —whenever possible, convention is to:
end syllables in VOWELS and begin them with CONSONANTS (cē · dō)
split groups of two or more consonants (car · pe)
split two vowel sounds that do not make a diphthong (tu · am)

3. ADDENDUM to Syllabificiation
The letter ‘i’ usually acts as a consonant when it is the first letter of a word. It is then pronounced as a ‘yuh’ sound
iam = yahm = ONE syllable, not two
The letters ‘qu’ ALWAYS go together, just like in English, and therefore will NOT count as their own syllable generally
quī = qwee = ONE syllable, not two

4. Exerceāmus!
Directions: Rewrite and divide the following words into syllables:
liquor
arentī
durius
iacere
requiescere
pauperis
li·quor
a·ren·tī
du·ri·us
ia·ce·re
re·qui·es·ce·re
pau·per·is

5. Rewrite the following words, dividing the syllables:
Hor-ta-le
vir-gi-ni-bus
fluc-tu-at
gur-gi-te
frat-ris
pal-li-du-lum
as-pi-ci-am
Dau-li-as
Bat-ti-ad-ae
al-lu-it
Tro-ia
ad-ven-tu

6. QUANTIFYING SYLLABLES (marking a word’s syllables as long or short)
Each syllable in a Latin word has a quantity - long or short.
A syllable is considered LONG when
either...
it contains a long vowel (a vowel with a macron) or a diphthong (two vowels pronounced as one sound): poenae contains two long syllables (poe and nae) amātur contains one (mā)

7. QUANTIFYING SYLLABLES
...or...
the vowel is followed by two or more consonant sounds, including x and z : magister has the long syllable gis (the i is followed by the consonants s & t)
vix has the long syllable vi (the i is followed by x)

8. QUANTIFYING SYLLABLES
...UNLESS...
the vowel is followed by two consonant sounds, only one of which is l or r. In this circumstance, the vowel can be long or short, depending on the line:
suprēmo contains the syllable su which could be long or short (the u is followed by pr)

9. QUANTIFYING SYLLABLES
Any syllable that is not long is SHORT
these syllables contain short vowels (a vowel with no macron) that are followed by either one consonant or a separately-pronounced vowel.

10. Directions:. Mark each syllable as LONG or SHORT
Directions: Mark each syllable as LONG or SHORT. Use macrons (−) to show LONG syllables and breves (∪) for SHORTS. − ∪ ∪ − ∪ ∪ ∪ − ∪ ∪ ∪ − − ∪ ∪

11. Divide the syllables in the following words:
Cynthia
prīma
suīs
miserum mē
cēpit
ocellīs
Cyn·thi·a
prīma
su·īs
mi·se·rum mē
cē·pit
o·cel·līs

12. − ∪ 2
prī·ma − ∪ 2
su·īs ∪ ∪ ∪ 3
mi·se·rum − 1 mē − ∪ 2
cē·pit ∪ ∪ − 3
o·cel·līs − − ∪ 3
con·tac·tum 2 ∪ −
nul·līs − ∪ 2
an·te ∪ − ∪ ∪ ∪ 5
cu·pī·di·ni·bus

13. STATIM
Answer the following questions about the quantity of syllables: 1. A syllable/ vowel sound is long if: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ 2. The consonants “X” and “Z” are equivalent to ________________________ 3. The vowel “i” is a consonant when:
it has a long vowel
it has a dipthong
it is followed by two consonants
two consonants
it is the first letter of a word and followed by a vowel
it is in the middle of a word between two vowels

14. What is Elision?
ELISION (from ēlidō, -ere, ēlīsī, ēlīsum knock or strike out ) is the ……………... of a syllable—it is a common feature of not just poetry but colloquial speech.
e.g. In English, going to is usually pronounced as ……………………., and
vegetable is pronounced as …………….
e.g. In Spanish, mi hijo is usually pronounced …………………..

15. Latin Elision Rules
If one word ends with a vowel and the next word begins with a vowel, the first vowel is dropped/ elided and the words are pronounced together e.g. nōmina omnia is nōmin’ omnia e.g. quae omnia is qu’ omnia If one word ends with a vowel + -m and the next word begins with a vowel e.g. dominam usque is domin’ usque If one word ends with a vowel and the next word begins with h + vowel (h NEVER counts as a consonant) e.g. modo hūc is mod’ hūc *Exception*: In an instance where the second word is es or est, the e in those words is elided and NOT the vowel in the previous word e.g. quantum est is quantumst NOT quant’ est

16. STATIM 9 et meritō hamatīs manus est armāta sagittīs,
22 (haec mea Mūsa levis glōria magna tua est)
armāta ___________ sagittīs ____________
glōria ____________ meritō _____________ − − ∪ ∪ − −
ar·mā·ta
sa·git·tīs − ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ −
glō·ri·a
me·ri·tō

17. REVIEW
1. For the purposes of scansion (counting syllables and marking them long or short), the letters qu and gu count as a SINGLE CONSONANT. Therefore, the u should never be scanned. 2. In scanning lines of Latin poetry, we determine the quantity of each syllable (long or short) with rules: a. A syllable is long if the vowel is already long because it has a ___________ b. A syllable is long if the vowel is followed by ________ c. A syllable is long if the vowel sound is a
macron
2 consonants
dipthong

18. CHECK Mark the elisions in the following lines of Latin
CHECK Mark the elisions in the following lines of Latin. Then scan each syllable as long or short.
et pharetra ex umerō Gnōsia utrōque iacet: nec quisquam ex illō vūlnere sānus abit.

19. The Elegiac Couplet
The Elegiac Couplet was a commonly used meter (rhythmic pattern) for love poetry. Most of the poems we will be reading this year are composed in elegiac couplets. They can be quickly identified because of each two-line couplet, one line of which is indented.
quīcumque ille fuit, puerum quī pinxit Amōrem
nōnne putās mīrās hunc habuisse manūs? (Propertius )

20. The Elegiac Couplet
The first line of the couplet is called the HEXAMETER, so called because it can be broken down into six (hexa) component measures called feet. This is the odd-numbered line in Elegiac Poetry.
The second line in the couplet is called the PENTAMETER, so called because it can be broken down into five (penta) feet. This is the indented line, also the even-numbered line in Elegiac Poetry.

21. The Elegiac Couplet
Both the hexameter and pentameter require a regular, repeating pattern of long and short syllables. In regards to Elegy, a FOOT is comprised of either a DACTYL or a SPONDEE DACTYL: SPONDEE:
− −
− ∪ ∪

22. The Pentameter whole = dactyl OR spondee
The pentameter is comprised of four whole feet and two half-feet in the following arrangement: 1st half foot* 2nd half foot* whole (1) | whole (2) | half (2 ½) | whole (3 ½) | whole (4 ½) | half (5)
whole = dactyl OR spondee

23. The Pentameter
In pentameter, these rules must always be followed: 1. The first syllable is always a long syllable 2. The first half foot is always a long syllable 3. The second half foot can be long or short and can be marked as × (this varying syllable is called an anceps) 4. Spondees can only occur in the first two feet. After the first half foot, the pattern must dactyl- dactyl- anceps. whole (1) | whole (2) | — | — | — | ×
∪ ∪ or −

24. SCAN the following line from Prop.2.12
− ∪ ∪
− − −
− ∪ ∪
− ∪ ∪ −
nōnne putās mīrās hunc habuisse manūs?

25. Pentameter Scansion
Directions: Scan the bolded words in the following lines et levibus cūrīs magna perīre bona fēcit et hūmānō corde volāre deum: nostraque nōn ullīs permanet aura locīs

26. Pentameter Scansion
Remember that the line two and a half feet of a pentameter line must be dactyl- dactyl- anceps
2. The first two feet are where things can get complicated:
a. look for diphthongs, which can automatically be marked long
b. look for vowels followed by two consonants, which can automatically be marked long

27. Pentameter Scansion c. you can count the number of syllables remaining
if there are four syllables in the first two feet, we need:
two spondees (— — | — —)
if there are five syllables in the first two feet, we need:
one spondee and one dactyl (— | — —) OR (— — | — )
if there are six syllables in the first two feet, we need:
two dactyls (— | — )

28. STATIM
1. How many feet are in a pentameter line? __________ 2. How many feet are in a hexameter line? ____________ 3. Dactyl is a type of foot. What are the symbols used to mark a dactyl? 4. Spondee is a type of foot. What are the symbols used to mark a spondee? 5 6
− ∪ ∪
− −

29. OVERVIEW OF THE “TRICKS OF SCANSION
1. “ i ” as a CONSONANT - the letter i acts as a consonant when: a. ____________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________ TIP- if the letter i follows one of these stipulations, it should NOT be scanned or elided.
It is the first letter of a word AND followed by a vowel
It comes in-between two vowels in the middle of a word

30. OVERVIEW OF THE “TRICKS OF SCANSION
2. “ h ” the FALSE CONSONANT The letter h serves to aspirate a letter. Therefore it does not count as a consonant in scansion. TIP- when scanning, immediately draw a mark through any letter h to avoid counting it as a consonant or missing an elision

31. OVERVIEW OF THE “TRICKS OF SCANSION
3. “ X ” and “ Z ”as the DOUBLE CONSONANTS The letter X is a combination of ks and the letter Z is a combination of sd. Therefore it counts as two consonants when scanning. TIP- when scanning, immediately mark the syllable before an X or Z as long

32. OVERVIEW OF THE “TRICKS OF SCANSION
4. “ L ” and “ R ” as the LIQUID CONSONANTS The letters L and R occur frequently after consonant clusters (a combination of consonants). Greek and Roman poets found it necessary to ignore, on occasion, the two consonant rule when the second consonant was an L or and R. TIP- when scanning a line with a consonant cluster with L or R, let the rules for hexameter and pentameter be your guide, INSTEAD of the two consonant rule.

33. The Hexameter
The first line in an elegiac couplet is called the HEXAMETER, so called because it can be broken down into six (hexa) feet. In elegiac couplets, the odd-numbered lines are scanned following the HEXAMETER rules. Furthermore, epic poetry, Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Vergil’s Aeneid are only Hexameter.

34. The Hexameter The hexameter is comprised of six whole feet:
fifth foot* sixth foot*
whole (1) | whole (2) | whole (3) | whole (4) | whole (5) | whole (6)
whole = dactyl (− ∪∪) OR spondee (− −)

35. The Hexameter In hexameter, these rules must always be followed:
The first syllable is always long
2. The sixth foot will always have two syllables. The first syllable will be long and the second syllable is an anceps (long or short, marked with an × )
3. The fifth foot in elegiac couplets will always be a dactyl ( — ∪ ∪ )
N.B. In epic poetry, there are several instances where the fifth foot will be a spondee. These are spondiac lines and are usually at emphatic moments.

36. The Hexameter
Therefore, the hexameter in elegiac poetry more or less should be scanned as:
whole (1) | whole (2) | whole (3) | whole (4) | — ∪ ∪| — ×

37. CHECK Scan the following line from Propertius 2.12
quīcumque ille fuit, puerum quī pinxit Amōrem ∪ ∪ − ∪ ∪ − − ∪ ∪ − − − x − −

38. Exerceāmus!
Directions: Identify elisions then scan the bolded words in the following hexameter lines:
īdem nōn frustrā ventōsās addidit ālās
scīlicet alternā quoniam iactāmur in undā
ante ferit quoniam, tūtī quam cernimus hostem

39. Elegiac Couplet
1 (dactyl) 2 3 4 5
6 (spondee)
hexameter
pentameter 1
caesura 2
2.5
3.5
4.5 5
In the hexameter line, any of the first FOUR feet can have two long marks (a spondee) instead of a long mark and two short ones (a dactyl)
In the pentameter line, either of the first TWO feet can have two long marks (a spondee) instead of a long mark and two short ones (a dactyl)

40. STATIM
/1/ When looking at a poem written in elegiac couplets, how do you know which lines should be scanned as hexameter and which lines should be scanned as pentameter? __________________________________________________ /2/ Before scanning a line, what must you do first? (after praying to Jupiter)
Hexameter lines are odd-numbered, pentameter lines are even
Mark elisions!

41. Review
/1/ Do IB questions ask you to scan just pentameter, hexameter, or a mixture? How can you tell? __________________________________________________ /2/ How many marks are IB scansion questions? How do you earn each mark? _________________________________________________
A mixture- depends on author and poem
Vergil and Ovid – only hexameter
Catullus and Propertius – hexameter + pentameter
2 marks
2 marks = no mistakes
1 mark = 1-2 mistakes
0 marks = more than 1-2 mistakes

42. Scansion without macra
Only difference is that vowels that are long in the stems of words are missing (ex. nōmen appears as nomen)
Scan normally! The lines MUST fit the meter, so you will figure out which of these vowels must be long just by scanning for meter
ONLY dactyls and spondees are possible
NO long – short- long combinations can exist

43. Part I: Syllabification
oriētur
audacia
iuvenis
assiduē
incipiam
o·ri·ē·tur
au·da·ci·a
iu·ve·nis
as·si·du·ē
in·ci·pi·am

44. Part II: Elisions quem modo fēlīcem invidiā admirānte ferēbant
culpam alit et plūrēs condit in ossa facēs
nunc decimō admittor vix egō quoque diē
saepe illa immeritae causāta est omina lūnae
atque ibi rāra ferēs incultō tūra sacellō

45. Scansion with macra illae iam sine mē nōrant plācāre puellās,∪ − − ∪ ∪ − − − − − ∪ x − −
illae iam sine mē nōrant plācāre puellās,
et quaedam sine mē verba diserta loquī.
13 an tibi nescio quae vīsā est formōsior? an tū
14 nōn bona dē nōbīs crīmina ficta iacis? ∪ ∪ x − − − ∪ ∪ − − − ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ − − − − − x − − − ∪ ∪ ∪ − ∪ ∪ ∪ − − − − − x