1. The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

2. Classes of Organic Macromolecules:
1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Lipids
4) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

3. I. Polymers
Poly = many; mer = part. A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bonded together.
A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.

4. A. Making and Breaking Polymers
How are covalent linkages between monomers formed in the creation of organic polymers?
Condensation or dehydration synthesis reactions.
Monomers are covalently linked to one another through the removal of water.

5. Condensation or Dehydration Reaction
-monomers combine to make polymers
-a molecule of H2O is lost

6. Hydrolysis -polymers are broken down into monomers (H2O added)

8. Carbohydrates can be classified into three groups:
Monosaccharides (Mono = one)
Disaccharides (Di = two)
Polysaccharides (Poly = many)

9. 1. Structure of Monosaccharides

10. The structure and classification of some monosaccharides

11. In aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form rings:

12. Linear and Ring Forms of Glucose

13. Monosaccharides are classified according to the size of their carbon chains, varies from 3 to 7 carbons.
Triose = 3 carbons
Pentose = 5 carbons
Hexose = 6 carbons

14. 2. Structure of Disaccharides
Double sugar that consists of 2 monosaccharides, joined by a glycosidic linkage.
What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage?

15. Examples of Disaccharides:
Lactose = glucose + galactose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose

16. Examples of Disaccharide Synthesis

17. Polysaccharides
Structure: Polymers of a few hundred or a few thousand monosaccharides.
Functions: energy storage molecules or for structural support:

18. Storage Polysaccharides

19. Chitin, a Structural Polysaccharide: Exoskeleton and Surgical Thread

20. Starch and Cellulose Structures

21. Starch and Cellulose Structures

22. Lipids
Structure: Greasy or oily nonpolar compounds that are insoluble in water
Functions:

23. Structure of Fatty Acids
Long chains of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms with a -COOH group at one end.
When they are part of lipids, the fatty acids resemble long flexible tails.

24. The Role of Hydrocarbons in Fats

25. Structure of Triglycerides
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
3 ester linkages are formed between a hydroxyl group of the glycerol and a carboxyl group of the fatty acid.

26. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

28. Saturated fatty acid

29. Unsaturated fatty acid

30. Examples of Saturated and Unsaturated Fats and Fatty Acids

33. Phospholipids
Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group.

34. Two Structures Formed by Self-Assembly of Phospholipids in Aqueous Environments   

35. Waxes
Function:
Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and as animal coverings.

36. Steroids Structure: Four carbon rings with no fatty acid tails
Functions:
Component of animal cell membranes
Modified to form sex hormones

37. Cholesterol, a steroid    

38. A Comparison of Female (estrogen) and Male (testosterone) Sex Hormones

40. The Components of Nucleic Acids

41. We Love DNA,
Made of Nucleotides,
Sugar, Phosphate, and a Base,
Bonded Down One Side!
Adenine and Thymine,
Make a Lovely Pair,
Cytosine Without Guanine,
Would Seem so Bare.

42. DNA Structure 5’ Carbon 3’ Carbon 5’ 3’ polarity -OH Phosphodiester
Bond 5’
3’ polarity -OH
5’ Carbon
3’ Carbon

43. Proteins Structure: made of C,H,O, +N.
Polypeptide chain connected by peptide bonds between 20 possible amino acid monomers
Have a 3 dimensional globular shape

44. Great Source of Protein!
What are your other sources
of protein?

46. The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins: Nonpolar

47. The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins: Polar and Electrically Charged

48. Functions of Proteins

49. An Overview of Protein Functions

50. Structure of Amino Acid Monomers

51. Properties of Amino Acids
Grouped by polarity
Variable R groups (side chains) confer different properties to each amino acid:

52. Protein Conformation
A protein’s specific
conformation determines how it
works. In almost every case, the
function of a protein depends on
its ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule.

53. Primary Structure Unique sequence of amino acids in a protein
Slight change in primary structure can alter function
Condensation synthesis reactions form the peptide bonds between amino acids

54. The Primary Structure of a Protein

56. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in a Protein Causes Sickle-Cell Disease

57. Secondary Structure Repeated folding of protein’s polypeptide backbone
stabilized by H bonds between peptide linkages in the protein’s backbone
2 types, alpha helix, beta pleated sheets

58. Keratin, a protein that forms “naturally curly” hair

59. The Secondary Structure of a Protein

60. Spider Silk: a Structural Protein

61. (strong covalent
bond)
(interactions between R groups)

62. 2. Structure of Amino Acid Monomers

63. Tertiary Structure
Irregular contortions of a protein due to bonding between R groups
Weak bonds:
H bonding between polar side chains
hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions

64. Strong Bonds:
Disulfide bridges form strong
covalent linkages
Ionic bonding between charged
side chains
** Most enzymes show tertiary
or quaternary structure

65. Quaternary Structure an
Results from interactions among 2 or more polypeptides Ex: insulin, antibodies an

67. Primary Structure:
Protein Secondary Structure:
Protein Tertiary Structure:
Protein Quaternary Structure:
Protein Denaturation:

68. Factors That Determine Protein Conformation
Occurs during protein synthesis within cell
Depends on physical conditions of environment
pH, temperature, salinity, etc.
Change in environment may lead to denaturation of protein
Denatured protein is biologically inactive
Can renature if primary structure is not lost

70. D. Nucleic Acids Two kinds: DNA: double stranded
makes up genes which code for proteins
RNA:
functions in actual synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA
is made from the DNA template molecule

72. 1. Nucleotide Monomer Structure
Both DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotide monomers.
Nucleotide = 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA

74. (a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid (c) Nucleoside components: sugars
Fig. 5-27
5 end
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
5C
3C
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T, in DNA)
Uracil (U, in RNA)
Purines
Phosphate
group
Sugar
(pentose)
5C
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
3C
(b) Nucleotide
Sugars
3 end
Figure 5.27 Components of nucleic acids
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Ribose (in RNA)
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars

75. 2. Building the Polymer
Phosphate group of one nucleotide forms strong covalent bond with the #3 carbon of the sugar of the other nucleotide.

76. 3. Functions of Nucleotides
Monomers for Nucleic Acids
Transfer chemical energy from one molecule to another (e.g. ATP)

77. Summary of the Organic Molecules:

78. What is the atomic number of
Nitrogen? What does this number
represent?
2)How many neutrons are in a
Sodium atom?
3) On what section of the periodic
table would you find the most
reactive elements?

79. 4) Name two properties of water that
contribute to life on earth.
5) A transfer of electrons between two
elements forms a/an _______ bond
whereas a sharing of electrons results
in a/an _____________ bond.

80. The ratio of carbon to hydrogen to
oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate is:
Show the structural formula for butane, C4H10.
List two polysaccharides that are used by plants and how each is used.

81. 3) Glycerol: C3H8O3 Acetic Acid: C2H4O2 2) Ethene: C2H4
Draw the structural formulas for:
Acetic Acid: C2H4O2
2) Ethene: C2H4
3) Glycerol: C3H8O3

82. Place the following in order from
smallest to largest: sucrose, potato,
fructose.
If a starch consisted of 300 monomers of glucose molecules, how many total bonds would be broken to completely break it down?

83. 8) Show the structural formula for butane,
C4 H10.
9) Atoms of the same element which have the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons are called ________.
(p. 36)

84. Draw the structural formula for the
gas, ethane, C2H6. (Remember to use
the “HONC” rule).
Besides as an energy source, name
two other uses of carbs in living
things.
Looking at the structural formulas, how would you identify a carb from a lipid?

85. Name one difference between a
saturated and unsaturated fat.
Elements present in carbohydrates and lipids include:
Two examples of nucleic acids are: The monomers of
each are called:

86. All amino acids have two basic groups. These are:
The functions of proteins are related
to the arrangement of their ________ ________ sequences. These are connected by:
Two functions of proteins are:

87. List the following in order from smallest
to largest: fructose, sucrose, potato
Draw the structural formula for a
water molecule. Write the molecular
formula for water.

88. If you ate eggs for breakfast, what
type of reaction would occur to break
down the eggs in your stomach and
intestines? Into what monomers
would they be broken?
What causes one protein to be
different from another?