1. Families of the Periodic Table
1.b. - Students know how to use the periodic table to identify metals, semimetals, non-metals, and halogens.
1. c. - Students know how to use the periodic table to identify alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals, trends in ionization energy, electronegativity, and the relative sizes of ions and atoms.

2. Families of the Periodic Table1 1A 18 8A 2 2A 13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Noble Gases
Alkaline Earth
Boron Family
Carbon Family
Nitrogen Family
Oxygen Family
Halogens
Alkali Metals
Transition Metals

3. Rows or Periods
Arranged horizontally across the periodic table (Rows 1-7)
All elements within a row have the same number of electron shells (energy levels) E4 1 E3 2 E2 3 E1 4 5 6
nucleus 7

4. Groups or Families
Arranged vertically (columns or group, or 1-8 A,B)
Each element within a group have the same number of valence electrons in the outermost shell (valence shell).
Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!!
Why?
Same # of valence electrons!
Forms the same kinds of ions!

6. # of valence electrons increases as we go across the periodic table.
Alkali Family:
1 e- in the valence shell
Halogen Family:
7 e- in the valence shell

7. Hydrogen Belongs to a family of its own. Is a diatomic, reactive gas.
One proton and one electron in its one and only energy level.
Is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles.
Diatomic Molecules – H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, and I (form molecules containing 2 atoms)

8. Alkali Metals
1 A

9. Alkali Metals Group 1 (1st column) 1 valence electron
Soft, silvery metals
have the consistency of clay, and are easily cut with a knife
Most reactive of the metals
React violently with water

10. Eager to give electron away
Get more reactive as you go down the group
Francium is the most reactive in the group.
Always combined (bonded) with something else in nature

11. Alkaline Earth Metals
2 A

12. Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2 (2nd column) 2 valence electrons
Silvery metals.
React with water…but not as reactive as group 1
Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca)

13. They get more reactive as you go down the group.
The most reactive in this group is Radium.
Reactive metals that are always combined with another element in nature.

14. Transition Metals

15. Transition Metals Groups 3-12 (3rd – 12th columns)
All solids, except Mercury (Hg)
Includes metals used in jewelry and construction (copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver)
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Have properties similar to one another and to other metals, but their properties do not fit in with those of any other family.
Many transition metals combine chemically with oxygen to form compounds called oxides.

16. Halogens
The term "halogen" means "salt-former" and compounds containing halogens are called "salts". The halogens exist, at room temperature, in all three states of matter - Gases such as Fluorine & Chlorine, Solids such as Iodine and Astatine and Liquid as in Bromine.

17. Halogens Group 17 (17th column) 7 valence electrons All nonmetals
Most reactive of the nonmetals
Gains one electron
Never found free in nature (always bonded)
React with alkali metals to form salts (known as salt formers)
Diatomic Molecules - H2 , N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2.

18. Found in all three states: F & Cl are gases, Br is a liquid and I and At are solids.
More reactive as you go up a group.
Fluorine is the most reactive
Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.

19. Noble Gases
Helium only has 2 valence electrons

20. Noble Gases Group 18 (18th column) All nonmetals Colorless gases
INERT (very unreactive)
Unreactive because their outermost energy level is full (full valence shell)
8 valence electrons
Used in lighted “neon” signs
Neon glows when exposed to high electric current.

21. Lanthanides
These are all metals located in additional rows below the main periodic table.
They are all solids.

22. Actinides Below the lanthanides.
These are all radioactive, solid metals.