1. Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3

2. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
____________________________ the ________________________.
= ________________________
Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions.

3. Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture”
Color of hydrangea flowers varies
depending on pH of soil
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4. Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture”
Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits have dark colored fur on their extremities
Allele that controls pigment production only functions at the lower temperatures
Images from slide show by Tracy Nelson

5. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
Some traits have ____________ allele __________
= ____________________
EX: blood type
Allele choices ___ ___ ___

6. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Some traits are determined by
____________________________
= __________________
EX: human height intelligence, skin & eye color

7. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes
There aren’t just SMART people
and DUMB people….
there is a ________________
of intelligences in-between

8. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
KINDS OF DOMINANCE
____________________

9. COMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ allele _______ the ___________ one
PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________
in a _____ratio in the ____ generation

10. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ expected _____ ratio in F2 generation
_____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait
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11. CO-DOMINANCE
_______ traits are expressed at ___________ (____________________) in heterozygote
A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair
side by side

12. CO-DOMINANCE
Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote
Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

13. Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self
REMEMBER
Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self
= ______________

14. BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________
The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes
Allele choices are:
_____ ____ ____

15. BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins
on its surface

16. BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a
different “B” glycoprotein
on its surface

17. BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells
the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

18. A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH
glycoproteins on its surface

19. PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE)
BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES
GENOTYPE
PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB

20. A and AB see A as “like me” as Different!
DONOR BLOOD
A and AB see A as “like me”
B and O see A
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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21. B and AB see B as “like me” as Different!
DONOR BLOOD
B and AB see B as “like me”
A and O see B
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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22. ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________
DONOR BLOOD
____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= _____________________
Nothing on surface to
recognize as “NOT SELF”
YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE!
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23. Only AB sees AB as “like me”
DONOR BLOOD
Only AB sees AB as “like me”
A, B, and O see AB as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!
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24. AB can only GIVE to AB BUT . . .
______ can RECEIVE FROM
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= ________________________
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25. BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA
40% B
10% AB 4% O
46%

26. ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE
Rh Rh-

27. OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: MOM is _____ & BABY is ____
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28. Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____
1st baby OK but few baby cells
entering mom’s bloodstream
put mom’s immune system on
alert for + cells.
Next + baby, mom’s immune
system can attack baby as it is
growing
Mom given shot after 1st birth prevents this
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29. Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________
All other chromosomes = _________________
Humans have two sex chromosomes
and _____ autosomes

30. SEX DETERMINATION
XX =
Xy =

31. Who decides? X X Mom can give X X Dad can give X or y y
SO _____ determines sex of the baby.
If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl
If dad give y with mom’s X = boy

32. HEMOPHILIA
CAUSE: Mutation in genes for __________________ carried ______ chromosome
Blood clotting proteins are missing so person with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when injured; can ________________ from minor cuts or suffer internal bleeding
from bruises or bumps.

33. HEMOPHILIA Treatment:
Need ____________ of normal clotting proteins to stop bleeding
_____________ in ______ because it is
X-linked, but females with ______ recessive hemophilia alleles will also show the trait.
1 in 10,000 males has hemophilia

34. COLORBLINDNESS
CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for _______________ carried on X chromosome
Persons with this disorder have trouble distinguishing colors.
_________________
colorblindness is most common
Seen in 1 in 10 males
1 in 100 females

35. Or Males ONLY HAVE ONE X They either have the They don’t disorder
DEFECTIVE
NORMAL
They either
have the
disorder
They don’t Or

36. FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES
DEFECTIVE
NORMAL
DEFECTIVE
Females have one normal gene that works.
Females __________ defective recessive
alleles to show the
disorder

37. The X chromosome in males . . .
flies WITHOUT a copilot!
. . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!

38. X-linked cross Xb Xb Dad is not colorblind XB Mom is colorblind y
What is the probability of having a colorblind boy? What is the probability of having a colorblind girl?

39. Girls with this genotype: XB Xb
don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a “backup” X.
BUT They can pass the gene onto their offspring.

40. who carries a recessive
A heterozygous person
who carries a recessive
allele for a genetic disorder, but ________ show the trait themselves
is called a
_____________

41. DIHYBRID CROSSES (2 traits)

42. Mendel also asked the question?
Does the gene that determines if a seed
is round or wrinkled have anything to
do with the gene for seed shape?
Must a seed that is yellow
also be round?

43. MAKING A CROSS with ______________ traits = ____________________
A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

44. Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas
Section 11-3

45. LAW OF __________________________
the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
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46. LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS
HOMOZYGOUS
YELLOW ROUND
HOMOZYGOUS
GREEN WRINKLED
1. ___________ what _________________ are
2. ________correct__________ square __________
3. ______ possible_______________________
4. ______ boxes with _____________________
5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________
Figure out parent alleles
Choose Punnett size
Put in parent gametes
Fill in offspring combinations
probabilities phenotypes genotypes

47. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW
Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene
__ __ __ __
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

48. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene
HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN
__ __ __ __
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

49. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW
Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene
__ __ __ __
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

50. 100% of offspring = _______ genotype
_______________________ phenotype

51. MAKE ANOTHER CROSS
HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW
HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW

52. POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES?

53. Sign of a ______________________ cross is a
____ Round & Yellow
____ Round & green
____ Wrinkled & yellow
____ wrinkled & green
Sign of a ______________________ cross is a
_____________ ratio in offspring.

54. __________ratio is a clue that it’s a
____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2
____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
__________ratio is a clue that it’s a
____________________________cross

55. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES

56. What are the possible gametes?
pure round & pure tall = __________
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?    

57. What are the possible gametes?
Heterozygous Tall = __________
& pure round
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?    

58. What are the possible gametes?
Hybrid tall = __________
& pure wrinkled
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?    

59. What are the possible gametes?
Heterozygous tall = __________
& hybrid round
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?    