1. Nervous System Structures

2. Nervous Systems

3. Spinal Chord
Connects the brain and body. Also controls reflexes independently of the brain.

4. Brain
Embryros contain a forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain that differentiate into the major brain parts.

5. Brain Stem
Brain stem – (mid brain) homeostasis, movement and conduction of information.
Medulla oblongata and Pons
Transfers info from the PNS to the brain.
Medulla coordinates large scale movements (running)per instruction from the upper regions and controls autonomic functions.

8. Brain Stem
Reticular formation – a network of neurons that filters information before it gets to the brain.
It determines whether or not you pay attention to incoming data.
Sleep is also controlled by the brain stem. Believed to help process learning and memory.

10. Cerebellum
Cerebellum – (hindbrain) controls movements and balance. Helps learn motor skills.
Double checks motor commands from the cerebrum. (hand eye coordination)
Receives hearing and visual input

12. Diencephalon
Diencephalon –(forebrain) epithalamus (pineal gland), thalamus, and hypothalamus
Thalamus – stores all information from the senses before sending them the cerebrum
Epithalamus – rhythms (sleep)
Hypothalamus – homeostasis (body temp)

14. Cerebrum Cerebrum – main center of information processing
Cerebral cortex – outer layer of gray matter. Receives and processes info from the senses and somatosensory organs (pain, pressure, temp, muscles).

15. Cerebrum
Left and Right brain Hemepheres- each controls the opposite side of the body
Connected by axon called corpus callosum.
Lateralization – differences in the left and right
Left – better at math and logic
Right – better at recognition, patterns, and nonverbal thinking (creativity).

17. Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex is separated into four lobes
Frontal lobe – plans actions and movements
Occipital lobe – visual processing
Temporal lobe – Hearing and smelling
Parietal lobe – speech, taste, reading

20. Neural plasticity Neural plasticity – ability of the brain to change.
Synapses can be strengthened or weakened by frequency of use.
This leads to memory.

22. Sense receptors Mechanoreceptors –pressure, touch, sound
Chemoreceptors – taste, smell, solute concentration
Electromagnetic receptors – light, electricity, magnetism
Thermoreceptors – detect hot and cold
Pain receptors – detects harmful conditions and solicits a reaction to minimize damage

24. Hearing and Equilibrium
Sound waves travel in the ear and vibrates the tympanic membrane which vibrates a bone called a stapes.
The stapes causes fluid in the cochlear duct to vibrate thus moving hairs in the cochlear duct.
The hairs sends signals to auditory nerves
Fluid in semicircular canal move hairs in response to gravity or out head tilting for equilibrium.

26. Taste Smell
Taste occurs when a receptor protein binds to a molecule and begin a transduction pathway that stimulates a taste nerve (chemoreceptor).
Smell (olfactory) – is all nerve cells that bind to a molecule and sends signals directly to the brain. (linning of the nose, mucus needed)

29. Vision
Light comes in the cornea (a fixed lens). The iris can dilate the pupil to control the amount of light that hits the flexible lens of your eye.
The retina contains photoreceptors that detect color in cones and black and white in rods (night vision).
The optic nerve carries visual input to the brain.