1. Chapter 4 – The Organization of Life

2. The Kingdoms There are six (6):
The first two are both single-celled, lack defined nuclei, and reproduce by cell division
Archaebacteria- found in harsh environments
Thermophiles are found in very hot places like hot springs in Yellowstone
Methanogenes are found in swampy methane producing places

3. The Kingdoms (cont.) 2. Eubacteria – very common
E.coli- found within the human digestive system
Blue-green algae (cynobacteria)- found in many types fresh water
Bacteria play a huge role in breaking down dead organisms and recycling nutrients in the environment

4. The Kingdoms (cont.)
3. Fungi – have cell walls, are found on land, and absorb their food. Along with bacteria fungi play a huge role in breaking down dead organisms and recycling nutrients to the environment.

5. The Kingdoms (cont.)
4. Protists - most are single-celled, but some are not- most are found in water
Some protists are more animal like and are heterotrophic- paramecium/amoeba
-many cause diseases
Phytoplankton - can do photosynthesis and include single celled and multicellular organisms like diatoms and kelp – are more plant like

6. The Kingdoms (cont.)
5. Plants- contain a cell wall, are multicellular, one of only two kingdoms to do photosynthesis to produce its own food. (What is the other?)

7. The Kingdoms (cont.)
6. Animal - multicellular , has no cell wall, are found in water and on land, are heterotrophic (ingest their food)

8. Plants Lower order plants are the mosses and ferns Mosses/Lichens

9. Plants
Higher order plants include gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants).
Gymnosperm/Conifer have specialized needle-like leaves and bear their seeds in cones.
Angiosperms/Flowering plants come in many forms and includes
most of the plants humans and animals use as food .

10. Animals Two major groups: Invertebrates- have no spine (backbone)
includes many classes of animal
Insects are the most numerous and successful of all types of animals because they are small, mobile, have a waterproof exoskeleton and reproduce quickly

11. Animals
Invertebrates- also includes sponges, coral, molluscs, and worms.

12. Animals
Vertebrates- animals that do have a spine (backbone) include both ectothermic (cold-blooded) and endothermic (warm-blooded) organisms
These ectothermic animals have a body temperature that is the same as their environment.

14. Organization in an Ecosystem
An ecosystem is composed of both biotic factors (living) and abiotic factors (nonliving) and all are connected.
Organized like this:
Organism species population community ecosystem

15. Organism
Any living thing.

16. Species
A group of organisms that are so closely related that they can mate and produce fertile offspring.

17. Population
All the members of the same species living in the same place at the same time.
remember that a population is defined only by its boundaries. For example: A population of grasshoppers in a cornfield.

18. Community
All of the different populations living at the same place at the same time.

19. Ecosystem
Includes all the members of the community and all abiotic factors.
Sunlight
Precipitation
Soil

20. Habitat
An organisms’ habitat is the type of ecosystem (or biome) it lives in. It gets all the resources it needs here.
For example: Taiga- Coral Reef- Tropical rainforest
Organisms are so well-suited for habitats through a process of natural selection leading to evolution.
This process occurs when an organism has some adaptation (advantageous trait) that allows it to better survive and reproduce passing on that trait.
As this trait is passed on more and more (through reproduction) it will eventually show in most members of the population. This change in the characteristics of a population is Evolution.

23. The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Has 5 major points:
1. All organisms have a greater reproductive potential than is ever realized. More offspring are produced than could possibly survive.
2. The environment is hostile and contains limited resources.
3. Inherited variations exist. Some are advantageous, some harmful. Variations are passed to offspring.
4. Those with advantageous traits are more likely to survive.
5. Advantageous trait will be passed on in greater frequency to subsequent generations.

26. Evolutionary Processes
Convergent evolution – independent evolution of similar structures (analogous) for similar purposes.
For example: Bird wings & insect wings show similarities in structure

28. Evolutionary Processes (cont.)
Co-evolution - process in which two species evolve in response to one another.
For example:
Milkweed/Tussock Caterpillar
and
Crab/Sea snail

29. Evolutionary Processes (cont.)
Artificial Selection - selective breeding by humans for desired traits.
For example:
Different Dog Breeds

31. Evolution of Resistance
An organism has a natural resistance to some chemical or pathogen that allows it to survive. It then passes on the gene for that trait until it shows in the entire population.
For example:
Drug resistant strains
of Tuberculosis
Insects become resistant to
pesticides

32. The End