1. Chapter 1
Breathing and the Nervous System Pramod K. Pal and Robert Chen
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 1-1 Neural pathways controlling voluntary and involuntary breathing. The final activation of respiratory muscles occurs via the lateral corticospinal and reticulospinal pathways. CC, central chemoreceptors; DRG, dorsal respiratory group; NA, nucleus ambiguus; V, sensory nucleus of V; VRG, ventral respiratory group. (Adapted from Bolton CF, Chen R, Wijdicks EFM, et al: Neurology of Breathing. Butterworth Heinemann, Philadelphia, 2004, with permission.)
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 1-2 Representation of the brainstem respiratory centers and tracts. On the left side, the nuclei are shown in light purple and the adjacent respiratory groups are orange. On the right side, the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is located within the solitary nucleus, and the ventral respiratory group (VRG) is ventral to the nucleus ambiguus. Bot, Botzinger complex.
(Adapted from Bolton CF, Chen R, Wijdicks EFM, et al: Neurology of Breathing. Butterworth Heinemann, Philadelphia, 2004, with permission.)
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 1-3 Suppression of abnormal diaphragmatic tremor with voluntary wrist movements. The surface electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the left flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and needle EMG recordings from the right diaphragm in a 31-year-old man with isolated diaphragmatic tremor. There was rhythmic diaphragmatic EMG activity before, almost complete disappearance during, and resumption after a distracting task of left-hand metronome-guided finger tapping at 2 Hz.
(From Espay AJ, Fox SH, Marras C, et al: Isolated diaphragmatic tremor: is there a spectrum in “respiratory myoclonus”? Neurology 69:689, 2007, with permission.)
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 1-4 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (transaxial and sagittal views) at 30 days before presentation (upper panel), 4 days after presentation (middle panel), and 60 days after presentation (lower panel) in a patient with neurogenic pulmonary edema. There is a hyperintense demyelinating lesion centered at the dorsomedial rostral medulla of the day 4 image on T2-weighted MRI, best appreciated on the axial view. No such lesion was visible 30 days before (upper panel) presentation. The perilesional edema had resolved at day 60 (lower panel).
(From Plummer C, Campagnaro R: Flash pulmonary edema in multiple sclerosis. J Emerg Med 44:e169, 2013, with permission.)
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.