1. Thermodynamics!

2. Heat Heat is the transfer of energy between two objects.
It is an electromagnetic wave when in the radiant form; otherwise the vibrations of the atoms and molecules transfer heat as internal energy.

3. Movement of Heat
First thing you need to remember is that there is NO such thing as COLD, only a lack of heat
Temperature is the measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance
Heat always moves from “warm to cold” meaning from something with a higher temperature to something with a lower temperature

4. Units of Heat The official SI unit is the Joule (J)
Heat calorie (cal) = J
Kilocalorie (kcal) = 4186 J
Food Calorie (C) = 4186 J
British thermal unit (btu) = 1055 J
Therm = 105,500,000 J

5. Temperature and Energy
When objects receive or lose heat their temperature changes and the internal energy changes.
Types of Internal Energy
A) Translational
B) Rotational
C) Vibrational

6. Conduction
The transfer of heat through touch (direct contact)

7. Conduction

8. Convection
The transfer of heat through the movement of liquids and gases
Ex: turbulence, climate changes, wind, boiling water
Hot water rises, cools, and falls.
Heated air rises, cools, then falls. Air near heater is replaced by cooler air, and the cycle repeats.

9. Convection

10. Ocean Convection Currents Thermal Image

11. Ocean Convection Currents

12. Radiation
The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves

13. Calculating the Sun's Temperature
What is the Sun's temperature? (Assume the Sun's emissivity (e) is 1.)
Distance from Sun to Earth: R = 1.5 x 1011 m
Area of sphere of radius R = 4πR2 H = 1000 x 4πR2 = 2.83 x 1026 J/s
Radius of the Sun = r = 6.9 x 108 m
Surface area of the Sun = A = 4πr2 = 5.98 x 1018 m2
esAT4 = H s = 5.67 x 10-8 SI units T = [H/(esA)]1/4 = 5375 K

14. Temperature Conversions
There are three equations for temperature conversions that are important to know in this section.
TF = 9/5 Tc
Tc = 5/9(TF )
TK = TC

15. Independent Practice °F to °C °C or °F to K 50 °F °C to °F 10 °C 25 °F

16. Answers °C to °F 27 °C = 80.6 °F 87 °C = 188.6 °F 2 °C = 35.6 °F
°F to °C
50 °F = 10 °C
25 °F = °C
88 °F = 31.1 °C
-5 °F = °C
0 °F = °C
°C or °F to K
10 °C = K
10 °F = K
25 °F = 269.3K
50 °C = K
75 °C = K