1. ¯^vMZg

4. e¨e¯’vcbvi aviYv
e¨e¯’vcbv kãwU Bs‡iwR 'Management' k‡ãi cÖwZkã| Bs‡iwR 'Management' kãwUi mgv_©K kã MY¨ Kiv nq 'to handle' - A_©vr Pvjbv Kiv ev cwiPvjbv|

5. KZK¸‡jv avivevwnK Kv‡Ri
jÿ¨ ev
D‡Ïk¨
j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡bvi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq
DcKiYvw`
(gvbyl, hš¿cvwZ,
KuvPvgvj, A_©, evRvi I
c×wZ) msnZKi‡Yi
GRb¨
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o
KZK¸‡jv avivevwnK Kv‡Ri
ev e¨e¯’vcbv cÖwµqvi
(cwiKíbv, msMVb,
Kg©xms¯’vb, wb‡`©kbv,
‡cÖlYv, mgš^q I wbqš¿Y)
G¸‡jv Kv‡Ri
h_v_©Zvi Ici
wbf©i K‡i
jÿ¨ ev
D‡Ïk¨
AR©b

8. e¨e¯’vcbvi DrcwË I µgweKvk
cÖvPxb hyM (5000 Aã †_‡K wLª‡÷i g„Zz¨i c~e© mgq ch©šÍ) : cÖvPxb hy‡M mgvR Dbœq‡bi aviv wQj LyeB axiMwZm¤úbœ| Gi g‡a¨ wgmixq, e¨vwejbxq, wneªæ, ˆPwbK, †ivgvb, MÖxK I fviZxq mf¨Zv D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨| The code of Hummurabi - Gi g‡a¨ LyeB D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wneªæ mf¨Zvq nhiZ g~mv (Av:) Gi f‚wgKv e¨e¯’vcbv kv‡¯¿i Dbœq‡b Ae`vb iv‡L| AvBb cÖYqb, miKvi cwiPvjbv I gvbe m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi wel‡q e¨e¯’vcK wn‡m‡e Zuvi Ae`vb jÿYxq|

9. ga¨hyM (00-1750) : ga¨hy‡M wek^e¨vcx mvgšÍev‡`i e¨vcK cÖPjb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq -
(K) Avj dvivwe : 900 wLª÷v‡ã Avj divwe wjwLZfv‡e ivóª e¨e¯’vcbv m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| wZwb Zuvi †jLbx‡Z †bZ…‡Z¡i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Y Ges cwiZ¨vR¨ †`vlmg~n Zy‡j a‡ib|
(L) Bgvg Mv¾vwj : 1100 wLª÷v‡ã Bgvg Mv¾vwj (i:) ÔbvwmnvZ Avj gyjKÕ bvgK MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib|
(M) jyKv c¨vwmIwj : 1494 wLª÷v‡ã jyKv c¨vwmIwj `y-Zidv wnmveiÿY c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| BUvwj‡Z Giƒc wnmve c×wZi e¨vcK cÖPjb N‡U|
(N) _gvm gyi : ga¨hy‡Mi †k‡li w`‡K e¨e¯’vcbv wPšÍvavivi Dbœq‡b huviv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ _gvm gy‡ii bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| 1500 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb ÔBD‡UvwcqvÕ bvgK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|

10. (O) wkí wecøe Kvj ( ) : wkí wecøv‡ei d‡j Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq e¨vcK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q e¨e¯’vcbv kv‡¯¿I h‡_ó AMÖMwZ N‡U| me©cÖ_g e„‡U‡b Ges c‡i BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvq N‡U hvIqv G wecøeKv‡j e¨e¯’vcbv kv‡¯¿i Dbœq‡b huviv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb Zuv‡`i m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œ ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv:
1. †Rgm w÷DqvU© : 1767 mv‡j m¨vi †Rgm w÷DqvU© ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK wel‡q Zuvi GKwU MÖš’ cÖKvk K‡ib|
2. G¨vWvg w¯§_ : 1772 mv‡j A_©bxwZ kv‡¯¿i RbK G¨vWvg w¯§‡_i ÔI‡qj_ Ae †bkbÕ bvgK MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ nq|

11. 3. †Rgm IqvU I g¨v‡_ †evëb : †Rgm IqvU‡K ev®úxq Bwćbi Avwe¯‹viK ejv n‡q _v‡K| wLª÷v‡ã Gi mn‡hvMx †mv‡nv BwÄwbqvwis cvDwÛª‡Z e¨e¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î me©cÖ_g ˆeÁvwbK wPšÍv-fvebvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq I hš¿cvwZ web¨vm Ges `ª‡e¨i gv‡bvbœqb BZ¨vw` wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq M‡elYv I Kvh©e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq|
4. ievU© I‡qb : wZwb mvj ch©šÍ ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi wewfbœ e¯¿wk‡í e¨e¯’vcK wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
5. Pvj©m e¨v‡eR : wZwb wQ‡jb K¨vgweªR wek^we`¨vj‡qi MwYZ kv‡¯¿i Aa¨vcK| e¨e¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î MwYZ kv‡¯¿i cÖ‡qv‡M wZwb Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb|

12. (P) wkí wecøe-cieZ©x hyM ( ) : G mg‡q †h mKj gbxlx e¨e¯’vcbv kv‡¯¿i Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb Zvi g‡a¨ Gd.WweøD.‡Uji, †nbwi †dqj, GBP.Gj M¨v›U, wMj‡eª_ `¤úwZ, Iwjfvi †kjWb, GjUb †g‡qv, †P÷vi AvB. evb©vW© cÖgy‡Li bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| `yÕRb bvgKiv gbxlx n‡jb -
1. Gd.WweøD.‡Uji : gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi GK wb¤œga¨weË N‡i Rb¥ †bqv G Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvai e¨w³ ˆeÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvi RbK| wZwb Zuvi `xN© Kg©Rxe‡b ( ) mvaviY wkÿvbwem kÖwgK †_‡K eo KviLvbvi kxl©c` `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb| kÖg Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× I Rbkw³i c~Y© e¨env‡ii Rb¨ eû cixÿv-wbixÿvi gva¨‡g wZwb ‰eÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvi D™¢veb K‡ib| G‡Z e¨e¯’vcbv wPšÍvavivq I c×wZ‡Z e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq|

13. 2. †nbwi †dqj : Zzi‡¯‹ Rb¥MÖnYKvix I d«v‡bmi Awaevmx G gnvb e¨w³ mvj ch©šÍ GKRb Lwb cÖ‡KŠkjx wn‡m‡e wewfbœ c‡` Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| wZwb AvbyôvwbKfv‡e cÖ_g e¨e¯’vcbv ixwZ-c×wZi ZvwË¡K we‡kølY K‡ib| 14wU g~jbxwZi wb‡`©k K‡ib| hv A`¨vewa me©RbMÖvn¨ g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e Abym„Z nq| Zuvi Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨B Zuv‡K e¨e¯’vcbv ZË¡xq avivi AMÖ`~Z I ÔAvaywbK e¨e¯’vcbvi RbKÕ ejv n‡q _v‡K|

14. (Q) AvaywbK hyM : wkí wecøe -cieZ©x mg‡q e¨e¯’vcKxq ZË¡ I Gi cÖ‡qvM c×wZ wb‡q †h e¨vcK M‡elYv n‡q‡Q cieZ©x mg‡qI Zv Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ WMjvm g¨vK‡MÖMi, nvR©evM©, wcUvi Gd. WªvKvi, DBwjqvg IÕwP cÖgyL gbxlxi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Z Z‡Z¡i cÖeZ©K DBwjqvg IÕwP-Gi bvg AvaywbK e¨e¯’vcbvq AZ¨šÍ ¯§iYxq|

15. ?

16. e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx
evwoi KvR
e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx

17. ab¨ev`