1. The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

2. Austria-Hungary That, is a ‘stache!
The Emperor of Austria was a hereditary imperial title and position proclaimed in 1804 by Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and continually held by him and his heirs until Emperor Charles relinquished power in 1918.
Right: Franz Joseph I of Austria, the Last Emperor

3. Historically, it was just Austria!
Members of the House of Austria, the Habsburg dynasty, had for centuries been elected as "Holy Roman Emperor" and mostly resided in Vienna.
Thus the term "Austrian emperor" may occur in texts dealing with the time before 1804, when no Austrian Empire existed.

5. Historically, it was just Austria!
In the face of aggressions by Napoleon I, who had been proclaimed "Emperor of the French" (French: Empereur des Francais), by the French constitution on May 14, 1804, Francis II feared for the future of the Holy Roman Empire and wished to maintain his and his family's Imperial status in the event that the Holy Roman Empire should be dissolved.

6. Historically, it was just Austria!
Therefore, in August of 1804 he created the new title of "Emperor of Austria" for himself and his successors as heads of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.
For two years, Francis carried two imperial titles: being Holy Roman Emperor Francis II and "by the Grace of God" (Von Gottes Gnaden) Emperor Francis I of Austria.
Until Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire.

8. And we know Prussia…
Will gobble all of those little ones up over the course of 50 years and 3 wars.
Leaving only…

9. Austria-Hungary

10. But in reality, it looked like this:

11. The problem? Too much!

12. I. Introduction
Austria-Hungary, also known as the dual monarchy, was a nation in central Europe ruled by the Habsburg monarchy from 1867 to It was established in 1867 under Francis Joseph I, the emperor of Austria and king of Hungary.
Located in central Europe, it included what are now Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, as well as parts of present-day Poland, Romania, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

13. Think about this! RELIGION: Predominantly Roman Catholicism.
Also Eastern Orthodoxy, Calvinism, Judaism, Lutheranism, and (after 1908) Sunni Islam.
ETHNICITIES:
Germans 24%
* Croats 5%
Magyars (Hungarians) 20%
*Serbs 4%
*Czechs 13%
*Slovaks 4%
*Poles 10%
*Slovenes 3%
*Ruthenians (Ukranians) 8%
Italians 3%.
Rumanians 6%
* These peoples are Slavic.

14. Think about this! LANGUAGES: Official: German, Hungarian Unofficial:
Czech, Croatian, Italian, Polish, Romani, Romanian, Rusyn, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Ukrainian, and Yiddish

15. When two become one…
Austria and Hungary were united as a result of the compromise (known in German as the Ausgleich) of March 1867.
The compromise was an agreement between the Habsburg Emperor Francis Joseph and the Magyar rulers of the kingdom of Hungary.
The people of Austria and the non-Magyar peoples of Hungary were not consulted.
Besides a common monarch, the compromise established common ministries of foreign affairs, finance, and defense.

16. When two become one…
Each kingdom had a separate parliament and was able to govern its own internal affairs.
The compromise of 1867 established a large nation of about 50 million people.
Located in the heart of Europe, Austria-Hungary was composed of many different language groups and nationalities.
Austria-Hungary was regarded as a great European power along with France, Germany, Russia, and Britain.

17. II. Background
The Habsburgs had ruled many parts of Europe, including Austria, as part of the Holy Roman Empire since the 1200s.
Austria was formed during the Napoleonic Wars, a series of wars fought from 1799 to 1815 between France, led by Napoleon I, and a number of European nations.
Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806; (REMEMBER!) in anticipation of this, the Austrian Empire had been created in 1804.

18. II. Background
At the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, Austria emerged as one of the most powerful states in what was called the German Confederation, and, as such, was one of the stronger nations in Europe.
The Austrian Empire included the kingdom of Hungary, although the ruling class of Hungary, the Magyars, persistently pressed for more control in the years leading up to the compromise.

19. II. Background

20. II. Background
Because Austria did not support Russia during the Crimean War ( ), Russia refused in 1859 to support Austria against the French-supported Italian state of Piedmont (Piemonte), which drove Austria out of Lombardy (Lombardia), another state in northern Italy.

21. II. Background
Under the direction of Prince Otto von Bismarck, the minister-president of the north German state of Prussia, the Prussians began to challenge Austria for supremacy in the German Confederation. In 1866 Bismarck provoked Austria into the Seven Weeks' War.
Austria lost and was expelled from the Confederation.

22. III. The Compromise
Shocked and humiliated by Austria's defeat, Francis Joseph compromised with the Magyars in Hungary to shore up his empire and save the Habsburg monarchy.
First, Francis Joseph consolidated the monarchy's power in the German states that were part of the empire.

23. III. The Compromise
Second, in exchange for Hungarian support of the monarchy, he agreed to surrender his control of Hungarian internal affairs, including his protection of the non-Magyar peoples.
This was a key point in obtaining Magyar cooperation.
This agreement was the basis of the compromise of 1867, which divided the old Austrian Empire into two parts.

24. III. The Compromise
The Habsburg monarch would be both the king of Hungary and the emperor of Austria.
The new entity/empire would be called the Austro-Hungarian Empire and would have a single foreign policy, one army, and a unified monetary system.

25. IV. The Height of the Dual Monarchy: 1867-1895
For the first 20 years after 1867, Austria-Hungary enjoyed a measure of security both at home and abroad. Hungary was calm for the first time in decades.
The Magyars encountered strong resistance, however, when they tried to impose the Magyar language and Magyar culture on the non-Magyar peoples of Hungary.

26. IV. The Height of the Dual Monarchy: 1867-1895
Between 1895 and 1906, Austria-Hungary was preoccupied with internal problems. During the early years of the compromise, nationalistic and ethnic conflicts were pushed aside, but these conflicts exploded in the mid-1890s.
Conflicts between the Germans and the Czechs in Bohemia paralyzed the Austrian Reichsrat. (Parliament/Congress)

27. VI. The External Threat, 1906-1914
Although domestic discord troubled the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the end, the main threats to the empire after 1906 came more from outside than from within. Specifically, relations between Austria-Hungary and Russia deteriorated.

28. VI. The External Threat, 1906-1914
The Russians were denied what they wanted–safe passage for their warships through the Straits of Bosporus, the narrow channel of water that runs between the Black Sea, home of the Russian fleet, and the Mediterranean Sea.
Austria-Hungary's unilateral actions angered the Slavs in the region and infuriated the Russians, who were still excluded from the straits.

29. VI. The External Threat, 1906-1914
At this time, Germany supported Austria-Hungary, but was unwilling to risk war with Russia.
Thus, Austria-Hungary was isolated in its Balkans policy.

30. VI. The External Threat, 1906-1914
At this time, Germany supported Austria-Hungary, but was unwilling to risk war with Russia.
Thus, Austria-Hungary was isolated in its Balkans policy.

31. VI. The External Threat, 1906-1914
Greek and Balkan nationalists carved up the Ottoman Empire during a conflict known as the Balkan Wars ( ).
The Balkan state of Serbia was a major victor, emerging as a much enlarged nation that posed a direct threat to Austro-Hungarian holdings in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

32. VI. The External Threat, 1906-1914
Austro-Hungarian statesmen were convinced that Russia was working to increase nationalism in the Balkans.
It appeared to Austria-Hungary that Russia, a Slavic nation, was encouraging the growth of new, predominantly Slavic states, thus tipping the regional balance of power in favor of Russia and against Austria-Hungary.

33. VI. The External Threat, 1906-1914
Austro-Hungarian statesmen were convinced that Russia was working to increase nationalism in the Balkans.
It appeared to Austria-Hungary that Russia, a Slavic nation, was encouraging the growth of new, predominantly Slavic states, thus tipping the regional balance of power in favor of Russia and against Austria-Hungary.

34. The major factors that kept the Empire together were:
loyalty to the Emperor: Francis Joseph was personally very popular throughout the empire. He was multi-lingual and spoke nearly all the languages of the Empire.
the Catholic religion: - 90% of the population of the Austrian half of the Empire were Catholic and 60% of the Hungarian half were.
the civil service and the army, both of which were dominated by Germans.
mutual suspicion among the subject peoples.

35. Portrait of Franz Joseph I of Austria, 1885

36. The Man, the Myth, the Legend
In 1848 a political schism spreads throughout Europe.
The monarchy falls in France, the Pope-King has to leave Rome and in Germany a certain K. Marx publishes the Communist Manifesto.
In Vienna, students take over the Imperial Palace and street fights erupt.

37. The Man, the Myth, the Legend
It is the moment for Princess Sophie of Bavaria, schemes, conives, and plots to have her 19-year old son Franz Joseph become emperor.
Sophie has been plotting the move for some time, and in fact has brought Franz Joseph up to be an Emperor.
But it’s not all roses…

38. The Man, the Myth, the Legend
Franz Joseph marries the beautiful Sisi out of love, an extraordinary privilege for a monarch.
Nevertheless, his mother, who has given him the throne, will take away his happiness very soon: she is a terrible mother-in-law, who oppresses Sisi and separates her from her babies to educate them herself.

39. The Man, the Myth, the Legend
In fairness, though, Sisi has a difficult nature, and she abandons her husband once she decides she cannot stand her mother-in-law.

40. The Man, the Myth, the Legend
From his marriage breakdown onwards, Franz Joseph’s family life will be an agony.
Of his three brothers, Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, is shot by Mexicans; the next in line dies of typhus; and the youngest one gets into trouble and has to go on exile.
The fate of the only son and heir of Franz Joseph is even worse: Rudolph commits suicide.
Sisi is killed by an anarchist.

41. The Man, the Myth, the Legend
Due to his long reign he becomes the embodiment of Majesty, the living symbol of the Monarchic Idea.
The old Emperor –he did look old very early on; misfortunes age you- bears on his shoulder the tremendous complexity of an Empire which is a labyrinth of races, religions and languages.
Despite this, his efforts are useless when facing the rise of nationalism.

42. The Man, the Myth, the Legend
Despite being surrounded by the riches of an empire almost a thousand years old, he lives in perfect austerity. (simplicity)
He eats the same every day, taffelspil, a popular ox and vegetable stew.
Nevertheless, he is convinced he has been appointed by God; he considers himself Charlemagne’s heir and, through him, the heir of Roman emperors.

43. The Man, the Myth, the Legend
Moreover, despite his profound Catholicism he believes himself to be above the Pope.
In 1903, for the last time in history, the emperor exercises his right to veto in the conclave, thus preventing cardinal Rampolla, elected by the rest of cardinals, to become Pope.