1. Review of Ch. 11
DNA

2. These Structures Make Up the DNA Double Helix
Nucleotide
These Structures Make Up the DNA Double Helix
Ladder
Ladder Rungs

3. 4 Nitrogen Bases
A pairs with T
C pairs with G

4. People with Discoveries
Rosalind Franklin
Edwin Chargoff, rules for base pairing
Watson & Crick, basic model & structure of DNA – double helix

5. DNA Replication - The process of copying DNA molecules
A person’s Genotype is their DNA sequence
A person’s Phenotype is due to the many functions of proteins that were created by DNA
Information Flow: DNA to RNA to Protein

6. How do we communicate information?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stays in the nucleus
Proteins are created outside the nucleus
Need something to send the information between them
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Similar to DNA but key differences
RNA is able to leave the nucleus
Uses a nitrogenous base Uracil (U) instead of
Thymine (T)
Pairs with Adenine (A)

7. Protein Synthesis
Transcription - DNA sequence converted to the form of a single-stranded RNA molecule
Translation - converts nucleic acids language into amino acid language

8. 3 types of RNA
Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA

9. Mutations Mutations: is any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
*Can change in large regions of chromosomes
*Can change a single nucleotide
*Can cause a big change in phenotype

10. Types of Mutations Substitution Deletion Insertion
Silent (Doesn’t change amino acid sequence)