1. Shapes and Orientations of Orbitals
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Shapes and Orientations of Orbitals

2. Periodic table arrangement
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the quantum theory helps to explain the structure of the periodic table.
n - 1 indicates that the d subshell in period 4 actually starts at 3 (4 - 1 = 3).

3. The location of electrons is described by: n, l, ml
22/09/99
The location of electrons is described by:
n, l, ml
n = size, l = shape, ml = orientation

4. Electron clouds
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The “probability” of finding an electron around a nucleus can be calculated.
Relative probability is indicated by a series of dots, indicating the “electron cloud”.
90% electron probability/cloud for 1s orbital (notice higher probability toward the centre)

5. p orbitals and d orbitals
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p orbitals look like a dumbell with 3 orientations: px, py, pz (“p sub z”).
Four of the d orbitals resemble two dumbells in a clover shape. The last d orbital resembles a p orbital with a donut wrapped around the middle.

6. Movie: periodic table of the elements: t10-20ml ms
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0(s) 3d
ENERGY 4s 2
0(s) 3p
1(p)
-1, 0, 1 3s 3
0(s) 2p
1(p)
-1, 0, 1 2s
2(d)
-2,
-1, 0, 1, 2 1s 4
0(s)
Movie: periodic table of the elements: t10-20