2. GSE Standard SSWH4 Analyze impact of the Byzantine and Mongol empires.
a. Describe the relationship between the Roman and Byzantine Empires, include: the importance of Justinian and Empress Theodora.

3. Essential Question (EQ)
What was the relationship between the Western Roman and Eastern Byzantine Empire?
What were Justinian’s efforts to create a law code and to recapture the west?

4. Emperor Justinian and His Goals
Emperor Justinian of the Byzantine Empire had two main goals during his reign: Recapture the Western Roman Empire from the barbarians and to create a new law code for the empire.
His empress, Theodora, was a wise woman who heavily influenced Justinian’s decisions.

5. Efforts to Recapture the West
Justinian fought to recapture western lands held by barbarians.
He used a large navy of over 500 ships to recapture North Africa and Italy, including the former capital of Rome. But he could not recapture all of the western lands.

6. Justinian’s Law Code
Justinian sought to update and arrange Roman laws into a code.
He put a group of lawyers into a room and they carried out the task.
The result was Justinian’s Law Code, which is the basis for many modern laws today.

7. Byzantine Empire’s Relationship With the Western Roman Empire
The Byzantine Empire developed out of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Both sides use same law code and governmental structure.
They have the same Catholic religion.
But a DIFFERENT language – Westerners used Latin and Easterners used Greek.
Constantinople was the capitol of the Byzantine Empire.

8. The Byzantine Empire Finds An Identity

9. Georgia Performance Standard
SSWH4 Analyze impact of the Byzantine and Mongol empires.
b. Analyze the impact Byzantium had on Kiev, Moscow, and the Russian Empire.
c. Explain the Great Schism (East-West Schism) of 1054 CE/AD.

10. Why did the Catholic Church split in half?
Essential Question
What was the relationship between the Byzantine Empire and Kiev, Moscow and the Russian Empire?
Why did the Catholic Church split in half?

11. Constantinople: The Second Rome
A city founded by Constantine and the capitol of the Byzantine Empire.
It became a center for law, religion and the arts.
Also great architecture, such as the Hagia Sophia, a large cathedral with a dome ceiling.

12. Relationship With Kiev, Moscow and the Russian Empire
The Russian Empire adopted a code of laws called the Pravda Russkia.
Had a strong capitol in the city of Kiev.
Leader Ivan III married a Byzantine Princess and she influenced him to adopt her customs, such as a royal court, architecture, Byzantine symbols and calling Moscow “The Third Rome” after Rome and Constantinople.

13. The Great Schism
The Christian (Catholic) Church had several important differences that depended on geography.
The Western churches had their beliefs, and the Eastern churches had theirs.
Ultimately the disagreements led to a separation of the Catholic Church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. – this is the Great Schism.

14. West East Clergy Icons Leadership Trinity Language No married priests
Married priests allowed
Icons
No icons allowed
Icons allowed
Leadership
The Pope is the Supreme Church Authority
Patriarch of Constantinople
Trinity
Accepted Holy Trinity
Believed God the Father was more important than the Son or the Holy Spirit
Language
Latin
Greek

16. Georgia Performance Standard
SSWH4 Analyze impact of the Byzantine and Mongol empires.
e. Describe the impact of the Mongols on Russia, China, and the Middle East, include: the role of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan in developing the Mongol Empire.

17. Essential Question: How was the Mongolian Empire able to spread so quickly? Was their impact a positive or negative one?

18. Genghis Khan
Came to power in the early 1200s AD and united the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. He was named the “Great Khan” (emperor) and founder and leader of the Mongol Empire.
Started Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia.
By his death, the Mongols occupied most of China and Central Asia.

19. At Genghis Khan’s death in 1227, this map represents the areas under Mongol control. The empire stretched from China to the Middle East.

20. Khan’s Early Life
Khan had a turbulent childhood. He lost his father at a young age and lived in poverty. He also killed his brother.
He had an arranged marriage.
His wife was kidnapped and he proved himself a leader in the fight to get her back.

21. Khan Rises to Power
Other nomadic tribes begin to follow Khan because of his victory.
In 1206 he accepted leadership of the Mongols and begins the growth of his empire.

22. The Mongols Become Professional Warriors
As hunting and gathering tribes, the Mongols are skillful at hitting a target with an arrow at a distance. They became amazing archers.
Khan promoted soldiers due to capability, not money or birthright.
Everywhere they went, they killed thousands and people often surrendered just from the sight of their army.

23. The Mongols Were They Good or Bad?

24. Technological - The Mongols’ Dark Side
The Mongols were ruthless and were known to slaughter whole towns.
As they expanded their empire many cities surrounded to avoid the fate of slaughter.
The conquered peoples were forced to watch the Mongols rape every young woman in their city.

25. Political - The Dark Side - Mongols in Russia
The Mongols invaded Russia around 1219 CE with an army of 200,000.
They slaughtered towns, took prisoners and slaves and destroyed almost all of Russia.
Mongols did away with the Russian veche system, the beginning of democracy that focused on the meeting of male citizens to share their opinions on the government.

26. The Light Side? – Mongols in Russia
What if I told you that when the Mongols began moving into Russian lands in 1219 CE and sent Mongolian messengers to the Russian princes requesting peace?
And the Russian princes had the Mongolian messengers killed!
Would this change your mind on where the Mongols were ruthless in destroying Russia?

27. Religious and Intellectual – The Light Side? – Mongols in Russia
What if I told you the Russian language was influenced by the Mongols?
And that the Mongols instituted the practice of the census in Russia?
And that the Mongols helped modernize the area by introducing a mail system?
And that the loss of Russian political power allowed the Eastern Orthodox Church to spread and care for the people?

28. Social - The Dark Side? - Impact of Mongols on China
After 6 decades the Mongols (with Genghis’s son Khubilai Khan) finally conquered China.
They founded the Yuan Dynasty in 1271 CE.
Society was divided into four groups: Mongols on top, then Islamic population the Mongols brought to help them rule, then Northern Chinese and at the bottom, the Southern Chinese.

29. Economic - The Light Side? – Mongols in China
The Mongols did not change much of China’s political structure.
They reduced taxes, organized efforts to reclaim farmland, and controlled grazing to open up more farmland.
Merchants, physicians, scientists and artisans were allowed to travel freely.
The Mongols increased the availability of paper money.
Better legal code!

30. What About the Great Wall of China?
The Qin dynasty built the first wall and the Han dynasty greatly expanded the wall.
During the Southern Song Dynasty the Mongols began to attack. The Great Wall was made of earth, not stone, and did nothing to stop the Mongols.

31. Technological - What About the Great Wall of China?
The Chinese were back in charge in 1368, after they drove the Mongols back north—signaling the start of the Ming Dynasty ( ). All of the modern sections of the wall (that you typically see in photos) were all created during the Ming Dynasty.

32. Impact of the Mongols on The Middle East
The Mongols conquered modern-day Iraq, Iran, Syria and parts of Turkey.
The Siege of Baghdad was a major battle and important event as Baghdad had been the center of Islam for hundreds of years.

33. Impact of Mongols on Europe
Genghis Khan's third son, Ogodei, decided to conquer as much of Europe as he could, starting in 1236 CE.
The Mongols captured Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary. Ogodei died in 1241 CE. In the end, the Mongols' Golden Horde ruled over a vast swathe of Eastern Europe, and rumors of their approach terrified Western Europe, but they went no further west than Hungary.

34. Social - The Dark Side? – Mongols in Europe
Massive slaughter of towns and villages caused refugees to flee westward.
The Mongol conquest of Central Asia and Eastern Europe allowed a deadly disease to travel from its home range in western China and Mongolia to Europe along newly restored trade routes. That disease was likely the Bubonic Plague and in the 1300s it wiped out approximately one-third of Europe’s population in what is known as the Black Death.

35. Technological - The Light Side? Mongols in Europe
Pax Mongolia
Reopening of the Silk Road and fostering of trade.
Introduction of the Chinese inventions – guns and gunpowder.
Perhaps good and bad?

36. The Light Side? - European Observations by Marco Polo
Marco Polo ( ) was a Venetian merchant who journeyed across Asia at the height of the Mongol Empire.
He first set out at age 17 with his father and uncle, traveling overland along the Silk Road. Upon reaching China, Marco Polo entered the court of powerful Mongol ruler Khubilai Khan, who dispatched him on trips to help administer the realm. Marco Polo remained abroad for 24 years.
Though not the first European to explore China—his father and uncle, among others, had already been there—he became famous for his travels thanks to a popular book he co-authored.

37. The Sack of Constantinople

38. Georgia Performance Standard
SSWH4 Analyze impact of the Byzantine and Mongol empires.
d. Explain the decline of Byzantium and the impact of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 CE/AD.

39. Essential Question
Why did the Byzantine Empire decline and how did Constantinople fall?

40. The Ottoman Empire
The Ottomans (modern day Turkey) were a strong, Islamic empire with a king (sultan).
As the Byzantine Empire weakened further due to the Crusades and economic issues, the Ottomans forced the Byzantine emperor to pay tribute to them.

41. The Sack of Constantinople
The Ottomans grew tired of dealing with the Byzantine Empire and attacked them.
Sultan Mehmed II sacked the city in May of 1453, seizing the Hagia Sophia and converting it to a mosque.
The Byzantine Empire was no more.

43. Georgia Performance Standard
SSWH5 Examine the political, economic, and cultural interactions within the Medieval Mediterranean World between 600 CE/AD and 1300 CE/AD.
a. Analyze the origins of Islam and the growth of the Islamic Empire.
b. Understand the reasons for the split between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims.
c. Assess the economic impact of Muslim trade routes to India, China, Europe and Africa.
d. Identify the contributions of Islamic scholars in science, math, and geography

44. Essential Question
How did the Islamic Empire originate and grow trade routes across Asia, Europe and Africa?
Why did Islam split between the Sunni and Shia Muslims?
Why were the Muslim scholars important?

45. Origins of Islam
Muhammed experienced an angelic visitation sent by Allah, the god of Islam.
Muhammed dictated the Quran, the holy book of the religion Islam.
Muhammed is known as the founder of Islam and the messenger of Allah.
A follower of Islam is known as a Muslim.

46. The Five Pillars of Islam
Declaration of Faith
Prayer Five Times a Day
Charitable Giving
Fasting in the Month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage to Mecca

47. Sunni and Shia
When Muhammed died, there was a debate over who should succeed him – his closest friend or his adopted son.
Supporters of the friend became known as Sunni Muslims, and supporters of the adopted son became Shia Muslims.
Sunnis are the MAJORITY, and Shias are the MINORITY.

48. Growth of Islam
Through war against unbelievers (Jihad), negotiation, marriage and family connections and political support.

49. Muslim Trade Routes
The Islamic Empire unified the Middle East and North Africa and created a better environment for trade.
More trade routes grew in this area due to stability and the empire’s protection.
The empire instituted a common currency.

50. Islamic Scholars
Ibn Sina – famous Islamic doctor of medicine in 900s AD. He had many ideas, such as the equation for motion and identifying how parts of the body worked.
Ibn Battuta – An Islamic traveler/ explorer and one of the greatest. He visited all of the Islamic world and non-Islamic lands.

52. Georgia Performance Standards
SSWH5 Examine the political, economic, and cultural interactions within the Medieval Mediterranean World between 600 CE/AD and 1300 CE/AD.
e. Analyze the relationship between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
SSWH7 Analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics
d. Describe the causes and impact of the Crusades on the Islamic World and Europe.

53. Essential Question
What was the impact of the Crusades and the relationship between Judaism, Christianity and Islam?

54. Impact of the Crusades on Europe
Ended the feudal system as Kings gained power when knights were away and not around to challenge their rule.
Crusaders brought back rare Asian and Middle Eastern goods which increased trade. They also brought back Greek and Roman works that helped lead to the Renaissance in Europe.
Pope Innocent III organized the Fourth Crusade.

55. Impact of the Crusades on the Islamic World
Antioch and Jerusalem were sacked.
A hero resulted – Saladin, the sultan of Syria and Egypt, freed Jerusalem from Christian Crusaders but refused to massacre them.
Otherwise, the Islamic World was more concerned about the Mongol Empire than the Crusaders.

56. Relationship Between Judaism, Christianity and Islam
Jews, Christians and Muslims all trace their religion back through Abraham.
Abraham is the founder of Judaism, Jesus is considered the founder of Christianity.
Arguably, Jews, Christians and Muslims all worship the same god, but have different names for that god.
Muslims see Judaism and Christianity as corrupted religions and those who will not submit to Islam.