1. Which one is the Proper Fault Location Method ?
Typical Cable Faults
Unbalance
Strongly
changing
fault
resistance
Insulation faults
Flooded cable
Recommended Fault Location Method
Disturbing voltage ▼
Murray
Küpmüller
3-Point
(a-b)
Repeated Küpfmüller
Capacitive unbalance
Resistance difference
Low level
Constant level
Intermittent low level
Intermittent
Sensitive
Sensitive
Sensitive
Sensitive
Sensitive
Sensitive
Protected
Protected
Protected
Protected
Protected
Protected
Sensitive
Sensitive
Sensitive
Protected
Protected
Protected
To learn more click on the selected method!
ELEKTR NIKA

2. Disturbers ELEKTR NIKA The expected disturbing voltage depends on:
A.) The function of neighboring pairs in the cable 
Intermittent disturbing voltages are expected
if the neighboring pairs are used for POTS 
DC disturbing voltage is expected if the
neighboring pairs are used only for ISDN 
No disturbing voltage is expected if the
neighboring pairs are used only for data transfer
B.) The distance to electrical railway 
High disturbing AC voltage is expected if the 
cable is very close to the track 
Low disturbing AC voltage is expected if the 
cable is fare enough from the track
ELEKTR NIKA

3. Murray Method in Sensitive mode
Recommended when:
■ only one wire of a pair is faulty
■ the level of disturbing voltages are low
The Murray method consists of 2 measurements:
  ■ Measurement of disturbing voltages
  ■ Bridge measurement with strap on the far end 
ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 2 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
The result of Murray measurement is: Lx/L
In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:
  ■ RL loop resistance
  ■ FaE insulation resistance
  ■ Rx resistance to fault
■ Lx distance to fault
The conditions of accurate results are: 
■ Ia and Ib < 450 uA 
■ Ф wire a=Ф wire b 
■ FbE>1000 x FaE 
■ FbE>10 MOhm
If the disturbing voltages overload the input
repeat the measurement in Protected mode
ELEKTR NIKA

4. Murray Method in Protected mode
Recommended when:
■ only one wire of a pair is faulty
■ the disturbing voltages are not intermittent
The Murray method consists of 2 measurements:
  ■ Measurement of disturbing voltages
  ■ Bridge measurement with strap on the far end 
ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 2 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
The result of Murray measurement is: Lx/L
In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:
  ■ RL loop resistance
  ■ FaE insulation resistance
  ■ Rx resistance to fault
■ Lx distance to fault
The conditions of accurate results are: 
■ Ia and Ib < 7 mA 
■ Ф wire a=Ф wire b 
■ FbE>1000 x FaE 
■ FbE>10 MOhm
ELEKTR NIKA

5. Küpfmüller Method in Sensitive mode
Recommended when:
■ booth wires of a pair are faulty
■ the level of disturbing voltages are low
The Küpfmüller method consists of 2 measurements:
  ■ First measurement with open far end
  ■ Second measurement with strap on the far end 
ELQ 30A+ calculates the Lx/L value from the results of the two measurements
The far end can be automatically closed and open with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
The result of Küpfmüller measurement is: Lx/L
In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:
  ■ RL loop resistance
  ■ FaE and FbE insulation resistances
  ■ Rx resistance to fault
■ Lx distance to fault
The conditions of accurate results are: 
■ Ia and Ib < 450 uA 
■ Ф wire a=Ф wire b 
■ 0,5>FaE / FbE>2 
■ FaE + FbE>100 x R loop
If the disturbing voltages overload the input
repeat the measurement in Protected mode
ELEKTR NIKA

6. Küpfmüller Method in Protected mode
Recommended when:
■ booth wires of a pair are faulty
■ the disturbing voltages are not intermittent
The Küpfmüller method consists of 2 measurements:
  ■ First measurement with open far end
  ■ Second measurement with closed loop 
ELQ 30A+ calculates the Lx/L value from the results of the two measurements
The far end can be automatically closed and open with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
The result of Küpfmüller measurement is: Lx/L
In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:
  ■ RL loop resistance
  ■ FaE and FbE insulation resistances
  ■ Rx resistance to fault
■ Lx distance to fault
The conditions of accurate results are: 
■ Ia and Ib < 7 mA 
■ Ф wire a=Ф wire b 
■ 0,5>FaE / FbE>2 
■ FaE + FbE>100 x R loop
ELEKTR NIKA

7. Repeated Küpfmüller Method in Sensitive mode
Recommended when:
■ The level disturbing voltages are low
■ The fault resistances are strongly changing
That method is a sequence of repeated Küpfmüller measurements consisting of 15 part measurements alternating :
■ 8 measurements with open loop (L)
■ 7 measurements with closed loop (K)
The far end is automatically closed/open with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
The Lx/L results are displayed in
two columns and a histogram
When the sequence is completed ELQ 30A+ selects the acceptable Lx/L results and calculates the average of the accepted results. The unacceptable results are omitted and marked with asterisks.
ELEKTR NIKA

8. Repeated Küpfmüller Method in Protected mode
Recommended when:
■ The disturbing voltages are intermittent
■ The fault resistances are strongly changing
That method is a sequence of repeated Küpfmüller measurements consisting of 15 part measurements alternating :
■ 8 measurements with open loop (L)
■ 7 measurements with closed loop (K)
The far end is automatically closed/open with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
The Lx/L results are displayed in
two columns and a histogram
When the sequence is completed ELQ 30A+ selects the acceptable Lx/L results and calculates the average of the accepted results. The unacceptable results are omitted and marked with asterisks.
ELEKTR NIKA

9. 3-Point (a-b) Method in Sensitive mode
Recommended when:
■ the insulation between wires and ground is good
■ the insulation resistance between wires a and b is low
■ some healthy pairs are available
■ the level of disturbing voltages are low
Faulty pair
FaE
Healthy auxiliary wires
The 3-Point method consists of 3 measurements:
  ■ First measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire a
  ■ Second measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to the ground
  ■ Third measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire c
ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 3 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
The result of 3 Point measurement is: Lx/L
In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:
  ■ RL loop resistance
  ■ FaE insulation resistance
  ■ Rx resistance to fault
■ Lx distance to fault
The conditions of accurate results: 
■ Ia and Ib < 450 uA
■ The insulation resistance of auxiliary wires must be
thousand time as high than that of the faulty one.  
If the disturbing voltages overload the input
repeat the measurement in Protected mode
ELEKTR NIKA

10. 3-Point (a-b) Method in Protected mode
Recommended when:
■ the insulation between wires and ground is good
■ the insulation resistance between wires a and b is low
■ some healthy pairs are available
■ the disturbing voltages are not intermittent
Faulty pair
FaE
Healthy auxiliary wires
The 3-Point method consists of 3 measurements:
  ■ First measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire a
  ■ Second measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to the ground
  ■ Third measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire c
ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 3 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
The result of 3 Point measurement is: Lx/L
In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:
  ■ RL loop resistance
  ■ FaE insulation resistance
  ■ Rx resistance to fault
■ Lx distance to fault
The conditions of accurate results: 
■ Ia and Ib < 7 mA
■ The insulation resistance of auxiliary wires must be
thousand time as high than that of the faulty one.  
ELEKTR NIKA

11. 3-Point Method in Sensitive mode
Recommended when:
■ the gauge of wires in a pair are different
■ some healthy pairs are available
■ the level of disturbing voltages are low
Faulty wire
FaE
Healthy auxiliary wires
The 3-Point method consists of 3 measurements:
  ■ First measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire a
  ■ Second measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to the ground
  ■ Third measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire c
ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 3 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
The result of 3 Point measurement is: Lx/L
In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:
  ■ RL loop resistance
  ■ FaE insulation resistance
  ■ Rx resistance to fault
■ Lx distance to fault
The conditions of accurate results: 
■ Ia and Ib < 450 uA
■ The insulation resistance of auxiliary wires must be
thousand time as high than that of the faulty one.  
If the disturbing voltages overload the input
repeat the measurement in Protected mode
ELEKTR NIKA

12. 3-Point Method in Protected mode
Recommended when:
■ the gauge of wires in a pair are different
■ some healthy pairs are available
■ the disturbing voltages are not intermittent
Faulty wire
FaE
Healthy auxiliary wires
The 3-Point method consists of 3 measurements:
  ■ First measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire a
  ■ Second measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to the ground
  ■ Third measurement when the measuring voltage is connected to wire c
ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the 3 measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
The result of 3 Point measurement is: Lx/L
In addition ELQ 30A+ provides:
  ■ RL loop resistance
  ■ FaE insulation resistance
  ■ Rx resistance to fault
■ Lx distance to fault
The conditions of accurate results: 
■ Ia and Ib < 7 mA
■ The insulation resistance of auxiliary wires must be
thousand time as high than that of the faulty one.  
ELEKTR NIKA

13. Resistance Difference Measurement in Sensitive mode
Recommended when:
■ the balance of the tested pair is poor
■ the level of disturbing voltages are low
ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
ELQ 30A+ provides the following results: 
■ Ra and Rb wire resistances
■ RL loop resistance
  ■ Δ R resistance difference
  ■ %
The condition of accurate results is:
Ia and Ib < 450 uA 
If the disturbing voltages overload the input
repeat the measurement in Protected mode
ELEKTR NIKA

14. Resistance Difference Measurement in Protected mode
Recommended when:
■ the balance of the tested pair is poor
■ the level of disturbing voltages are high
ELQ 30A+ automatically performs the measurements with the help of the remote controlled switch ELC 30
ELQ 30A+ provides the following results:
■ Ra and Rb wire resistances
■ RL loop resistance
  ■ Δ R resistance difference
  ■ %
The condition of accurate results is: 
Ia and Ib < 7 mA 
That condition is practically always fulfilled.
ELEKTR NIKA

15. Capacitance Unbalance Measurement in Sensitive mode
Recommended when:
■ the balance of the tested pair is poor
■ the level of disturbing voltages are low
ELQ 30A+ provides the following results:
■ Lx/L
■ CaE and CbE wire capacitances
  ■ Δ C capacitance difference in nF
  ■ Δ % capacitance difference in %
The condition of accurate results is:
Ia and Ib < 450 uA 
If the disturbing voltages overload the input
repeat the measurement in Protected mode
ELEKTR NIKA

16. Capacitance Unbalance Measurement in Protected mode
Recommended when:
■ the balance of the tested pair is poor
■ the level of disturbing voltages are high
ELQ 30A+ provides the following results:
■ Lx/L
■ CaE and CbE wire capacitances
  ■ Δ C capacitance difference in nF
  ■ Δ % capacitance difference in %
The condition of accurate results is:
Ia and Ib < 7 mA 
That condition is practically always fulfilled.
ELEKTR NIKA

17. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!