1. Chapter 5: War and Peace Key Concept: Conquest and Consequences
How did military events and their consequences contribute to the foundations of Canada?

2. Recall the reasons for British and French Expansion of their Empires:
Economy
Competition
Religion
Curiosity/Quality of Life

3. Both Britain and France were in direct competition for controlling North America and controlling the vast amounts of resources found in the land.

4. Background to War French Perspective
Vast area of Canada was claimed by French.
Began to see themselves as a different culture of People (Canadiens)
Felt secure from attack because of dependence on France to provide soldiers to the colony.

5. British Perspective
Thirteen Colonies population was vastly larger than that of New France
Wanted land for farming, fur trade with First Nations, Access to interior of Canada, fish resources.

6. British Strengths
French Strengths
British Weakness
French Weakness

7. War in the West
First war between French and English started in the Ohio Valley in 1754.
British lead by General George Washington lost the war to the French. He would later become the first president of the United States.

8. Prelude to War: Acadia
By 1710, most of Acadia was under control of the British, and they changed the name of the colony to Nova Scotia.
Most of Acadia was populated still by the French people, but to control North America, Britain wanted more English people in the country, and more control.

9. Prelude to War: Acadia
Charles Lawrence, the governor of Nova Scotia wondered if the Acadians would side with the French if they were attacked.
1755, Lawrence gives an ultimatum to the Acadians, either swear loyalty to the British or lose their land.
Eventually British decide to deport the Acadians in the “Great Upheaval” of (Le Grand Derangement)

10. The Struggle for Canada
1756- “Seven Year’s War” begins in Europe between France and Britain  war also breaks in North America
France: use small number of soldiers in North America, keeping larger forces to win in Europe

11. The Struggle for Canada
Britain: use large number of soldiers in North America to defeat the French
Britain’s strategy relied on them controlling the St. Lawrence River which is the main supply route between Louisbourg and Quebec & Montreal

12. Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France
1) Capture of Louisbourg
Capturing Louisbourg would give Britain control of the entrance to the St. Lawrence
June 1758, Britain launches attack on Louisbourg capturing the fortress in 60 days.

13. Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France
2) Capture of Ohio Valley
French had many fur forts in Ohio Valley  British capture would reduce the French influence in this area
Attacks against the French in the Ohio Valley drive them back to Quebec
*At this point Louisbourg is captured, giving control of the St. Lawrence, and the French have drawn their forces back into the heart of New France- Quebec.

14. Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France
3) Capture of Quebec
Capture of Quebec would mean the end of French control in North America
British under command of General James Wolfe; brings ¼ of British navy
Unsuccessful at capturing Quebec after three months of attacks

15. Winter is approaching; he must take Quebec now or retreat to Europe for the winter (ships will be stuck in St. Lawrence)
Decides on a surprise attack southwest of Quebec in a farmer’s field
French Military leader Montcalm receives word of this surprise attack
Most of his army is in Quebec, but a portion of his army is 16 km away in a place where Britain was expected to attack

16. First Nations and War
The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave the English possession of North America. Any land claims that the First Nations had were not accepted by the British.
Any French traditions that were practiced with the First Nations were also ignored by the British.
This worried the First Nations groups, who wanted to keep their land.

17. Pontiac’s War Against the British
Pontiac is the leader of the Odawa
He gathered many First Nations
groups together to drive the
English out of Canada.
1763 attacked the fort of Detroit.
They were able to take many forts, but they also hoped the French would help them keep the British out. They were not supported by the French however.

18. After the War Challenges following the war: First Nations: Canadiens:
Feared new comers would take their land
Canadiens:
Had to rebuild their colony
Didn’t know if their language and religion were allowed to be practiced
British
Didn’t know how to change the government from French to British
First Nations might attack?

19. The Treaty of Paris 1763
1760 Montreal surrendered, which was the last French establishment in Canada
With this treaty, France gave up any claim to Quebec
Together we will read and copy the chart on page 117

20. Imagine!
You are alive and well in New France in Pretend you live in one of the 5 regions of New France (Quebec, Nova Scotia/Acadia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland).
You remember what life was like before, and now many things have changed.
Write 1/3 of a page on your point of view in the year (Are you happy? Sad? Is life better or worse?)
It is up to you to choose if you are Aboriginal, British or French.

21. What could the British do with New France?
Eviction - Do they take the Canadiens to other lands?
Assimilation – Do they make the Canadiens give up their language and religion?
Accommodation – Do they let the Canadiens live on as they were used to?

22. The Royal Proclamation 1763
Wanted to assimilate the Canadiens, and this was signed by King George III in October 1763
Terms of the Royal Proclamation
New France became the province of Quebec
Interior land set aside for First Nations
British Laws and governments replaced the French system
Catholics lost claim to the tithe (the church tax)
Catholics could not be part of the government

23. Quebec act of 1774
Assimilation of Quebec failed with the Royal Proclamation
Rights of the Quebec Act:
French language recognized
Catholics given right to practice, and now allowed to be part of government
Roman Catholic Church got rights back for the tithe
Part of interior became part of Quebec, and Quebec was returned to size prior to Royal Proclamation