1. Quoting and in-text citations
English B60
Quoting and in-text citations

2. Why Quote?
Including outside source material in your own writing is a good way for you to establish your ethos as an author.
Providing evidence in the form of outside sources shows that there are credible, reputable experts who also share your opinion.
Their findings can lend backing to your own argument.

3. When to quote?
You should quote, or include direct words from a source in your own paper, when the language is especially memorable or beautiful, and to alter it in any way would detract from its power.

4. How to Quote
Whenever you quote from a source, you should keep in mind three important rules:
Introduce
Cite
Explain
The handy acronym ICE can help you remember.

5. Introducing
You should always introduce a quote before you include it in your writing.
The very first time you mention a source, you need to give it a complete introduction, including
The author’s first and last name
The author’s relevant qualifications
The full title of the book or article
A brief summary of the book or article. Remember to keep this relevant to how you will be using the source in your own writing.
This intro. will look similar to the first sentence of a rhetorical précis.

6. Signal Phrases
After your initial introduction of a source, you will use an abbreviated intro. called a signal phrase to introduce subsequent quotes from that source.
A signal phrase consists of the author’s last name and an appropriate verb.
Jones explains
Smith argues
Rutherford elaborates
Your audience should remember who Smith is from your previous introduction, and therefore won’t need to have it repeated.

7. Why introduce
It should always be clear to your audience who the words in the quotation marks were written by.
Giving credit where credit is due is important in preventing plagiarism. Introducing sources also helps you establish ethos and make your paper easy to follow for your readers.

8. Practice Get out “Is Google Making Us Stupid?”
Re-read it and find three different quotes that stand out to you.
Then, on a separate sheet of paper, introduce, cite, and explain each quote.
Be prepared to share and to turn this in at the end of class.

9. Abbreviating Quotes
If you want to take words out of a quote to make it shorter WITHOUT altering the meaning of the quote, you may do so by adding ellipsis marks.
Original Text: “None of these conflicts about self presentation are new to adolescence or to Facebook” (Turkle 600).
According to Turkle, “None of these conflicts…are new to adolescence or to Facebook” (600).

10. Adding to Quotations
If you need to for the sake of clarity, you can add material to quotations by including that material in brackets.
Turkle explains, “Tethered selves, they [adolescents] try to conjure a future different from the one they see coming by building on a past they never knew” (604).

11. Citing
MLA formatting uses two different citations: in-text and works cited.
An in-text citation should be included after every direct quote.
In-text citations should include the page number where that quote appears in the source.
The period for the end of the sentence should come after the citation.
Turkle illustrates that “online communication also offers an opportunity to ignore other people’s feelings” (599).

12. Practice Get out “Is Google Making Us Stupid?”
Re-read it and find three different quotes that stand out to you.
Then, on a separate sheet of paper, introduce, cite, and explain each quote.
Be prepared to share and to turn this in at the end of class.

13. Explaining
Source material is included as evidence to support your argument.
Rather than letting it “speak for itself,” you should always explain its relevance in terms of your argument. How does it support your thesis? Why did you include it?
This means that you should never end a paragraph with a citation—you should always include your explanation of the significance of the source within the context of your paper.

14. Final Thoughts
Direct quotes should make up about 10% of your paper, and absolutely no more than 15%.
As such, you should use quotes sparingly.
Remember ICE!