1. This is Panorpa japonica. Commonly known as the scorpion fly.
Classification
This is Panorpa japonica. Commonly known as the scorpion fly.

2. Developing the scientific naming system Binomial Nomenclature.
Before Carolus Linnaeus introduced his scientific naming system, naturalists named newly discovered organisms however they wanted.
Because they had no agreed-upon way to name living things—it was difficult for naturalists to talk about their findings with one another.

3. Carolus Linnaeus Swedish botanist and doctor
Got his medical degree in 6 days and specialized in the treatment of syphilis.
Created the classification system and binomial nomenclature.
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4. Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature is a system that gives each species a two-part scientific name using Latin words.
The first part of the name is the genus.
A genus includes one or more physically similar species that are thought to be closely related.
Genus names are always capitalized.
The second part of the name is the species.
It can refer to a trait of the species, the scientist who first described it, or its native location.
It is always lowercase.

5. Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.
Taxonomy gave scientists a standard way to refer to species and organize the diversity of living things.

6. Linnaeus classification system has seven levels
From the most general to the most specific:
Kingdom
Phylum (Division for plants and fungi)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species.
The Linnaean system is a nested hierarchy.
This means that if gray wolves are in the same genus, Canis, as dogs and coyotes, they are also in the same family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.

7. Cladistics
The most common method used to make evolutionary trees is called cladistics.
Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.
The goal of cladistics is to places species in the order in which they descended from a common ancestor.
A cladogram is an evolutionary tree that proposes how species may be related to each other through common ancestors.

8. Derived Characters
The traits that can be used to figure out evolutionary relationships among a group of species are those that are shared by some species but are not present in others.
These are derived characters.
Cladograms are made by figuring out which derived characters are shared by which species.
The more closely a related species are, the more derived characters they will share.
A group of species that shares no derived characters with the other groups being studied is called an outgroup.
Derived Characters:
Organisms that branch off after a hash mark share the derived character represented by the hash mark. A bony skeleton is a derived character. Sharks do not have this derived character.

9. Interpreting a Cladogram
Derived Characters
Groups of species are placed in order by the derived characters that have added up in their lineage over time.
This order is hypothesized to be the order in which they descended from their common ancestor.
Derived characters are shown as hash marks between the branches of a cladogram.
All species above a hash mark share the derived character it represents.
Derived Characters

11. Interpreting a Cladogram
Nodes
Each place where a branch splits is called a node.
Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor shared by a clade.
Identifying Clades
You can identify clades by using the “snip rule”.
Whenever you “snip” a branch under a node, a clade falls off.
A clade is a group of organisms that share certain traits derived from a common ancestor.
Nodes:
In a cladogram, a node is the intersection of two branches. This node represents the most recent common ancestor shared by the entire mammalian clade.
Clade:
A clade is a group of organisms that share certain traits derived from a common ancestor.

13. The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
The Linnaean system focuses on physical similarities alone.
Physical similarities between two organisms are not always a result of species being closely related. (convergent evolution)
Today, scientists use genetic research to help classify organisms.
Genetic similarities between two organisms are more likely than physical similarities to be due to a common ancestor.
EX. Giant panda and raccoon. (not related)
EX. Red panda and raccoon. (related)

14. Phylogeny
The evolutionary history for a group of species is called phylogeny.
To classify species according to how they are related, scientists must look at more than just physical traits.
They use living species, the fossil record, and molecular data.
Phylogenies can be shown as branching tree diagrams.
They are similar to family trees.
The branches of an evolutionary tree show how different groups of species are related to each other.

15. Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.
An evolutionary tree is always a work in process.
Hormones, proteins, and genes are all used to help learn about evolutionary relationships.
DNA is considered to be the “last word” when figuring out how related two species are to each other.
The more similar to each other the genes of two species are, the more closely related the species are likely to be.
Bonobo
Chimpanzee

16. Molecular Clocks
Molecular clocks are models that use mutation rates to measure evolutionary time.
Mutations are nucleotide substitutions in DNA, some of which cause amino acid substitutions in proteins.
These mutations tend to add up at a constant rate for a group of related species.
The more time that has passed since two species have diverged from a common ancestor, the more mutations will have built up in each lineage, and the more different the two species will be at the molecular level.

17. Linking molecular data with real time.
Scientists must find links between molecular data and real time.
A geologic event that is known to have separated the species scientists are studying, allows scientists to give a real date to the rate of mutation.
For example: Scientists know that the marsupials of Australia and those of South America diverged about 200 million years ago, when these two continents split.
A link can also come from fossil evidence.
Molecular data can be compared to the first appearance of each type of organism in the fossil record.
South American “Monito del Monte”—Monkey of the Mountains. A marsupial.
Austrailian bandicoot. A marsupial.

18. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Mitochondrial DNA is found only in mitochrondria.
The mutation rate of mtDNA is about ten times faster than that of nuclear DNA, which makes mtDNA a good molecular clock.
mtDNA is always inherited from the mother.
mtDNA from sperm cells is lost after fertilization.
mtDNA is passed down unshuffled through many generations.
Mutations in mtDNA have been used to study the migration routes of humans over the past 200,000 years.

19. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Ribosomal RNA is found only in the ribosomes of cells.
rRNA is useful for studying distantly related species.
rRNA accumulates mutations VERY slowly.
Over long periods of geologic time, mutations that do build up in the rRNA of different lineages are relatively clear and can be compared.

20. Classification is always a work in progress.
1753—two kingdoms
Animalia and Plantae
1866—three kingdoms
Animalia, Plantae, Protista
1938—four kingdoms
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Monera
1959—five kingdoms
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Monera, Fungi
1977—six kingdoms
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi
This is wrong! 

21. The Three Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Single-celled prokaryotes.
Largest groups of organisms on Earth.
There are more bacteria in your mouth than there are people that have ever lived!
Archaea
Cell walls are chemically different from bacteria— allows achaea to live in extreme environments.
Archaea are found in deep sea vents, hot geysers, Antarctic waters, salt lakes, and in the middle of volcanoes.
Eukarya
All organisms with eukaryotic cells.
May be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular.
Includes the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.

23. Dichotomous Keys
Dichotomous keys are used to identify objects or organisms that have already been described by another scientist.
A dichotomous key is made up of paired statements. (di = two)
Each object must fit into one category or the other, but not both.