1. Fig. 10

2. Fig. 9

3. Fig. 13

5. Earth’s Natural Regulation of CO2

6. The Carbon Cycle
Fig

8. Fig 1

10. Fig 2

11. Fig 3

12. Fig 4

13. Fig 5

14. Fig 6

15. Fig 7 compare to new one

17. Fig 8

19. Fig 9

21. Fig 10

22. Fig 11

23. Fig 12

24. Fig 13

25. Fig 16

26. Fig 18

27. Fig 19

28. Fig 20

30. Fig 22

34. Ozone Hole (http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/)

35. Atmosphere Absorption of Sun and Earth Radiation

36. Keeling Curve

37. Projected Emissions and Potential Changes

38. The Missing Sink

39. Albedos for Various Terrestrial Biomes
Equatorial forest
Savannah
Mid-latitude forest
Tundra
Desert
Fig. 25
(In general vegetated surfaces reflect less than bare soil and rock.
Tall vegetation prevents snow from making surface completely white)

40. Fig. 27

41. Possible chain of events set off by overgrazing
Fig. 26

42. Fig. 28

43. Fig. 29

44. Fig. 30

45. Fig 15 (14 is a series from Mt St Helens)

46. Fig 17

47. Aerosols are cloud condensation nuclei
Fig. 31
Increased terrestrial vegetation leads to decrease dust (aerosol)
Ocean plankton release a sulfur compound (aerosol)

48. Fig. 34

49. Fig. 35

50. Differential heating of Earth

51. Insolation

52. Temperature at Surface

54. Salinity at Surface

55. Fig. 8C.

57. Evaporation minus Precipitation

58. Circulation Effect on Energy Balance

59. Wind-driven surface ocean circulation

60. Fig. 14.6A

63. Geometry of Earth’s
orbital variations and tilt

64. 60°N summer insolation minima coincide with glaciations

65. TODAY
~1880 A.D.
FRANZ JOSEPH GLACIER 12

69. 16

73. Northern Hemisphere ice sheets
Maximum ice sheet extent during the late Cenozoic (past 3 Myr)
All N. H. ice sheets = sea level equivalent drop of ~118 m (or max130 m)
--> Laurentide ice sheet = ~76 m; Scandinavian-Barents = ~14 m; Cordilleran = ~ 7 m

74. Greenland Ice Core Record (GISP2)
WARM
Holocene
“D-O events”
Stage 3
LGM
COLD

75. x Greenhouse molecule, H20, CO2
Solar radiation, Qs Solar Constant So = 1367 w/m2
S p a c e
Solar radiation, Qs
Qs (1- a)/4 = esTe4
Te = -18°C
Qb = esTe4
Qb = esTe4
In a greenhouse enhanced world, the Te is forced to higher elevation Te
300 m Te
cool
Lapse rate, 7°C/km x
Lapse rate, 7°C/km x x x x x x x
convection x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
DT=2.1°C
hot x
Natural greenhouse Earth Surface greenhouse enhanced
x Greenhouse molecule, H20, CO2

76. ? Last 1000 years hotter sun colder sun Cold period Warm period
Its been warming really fast, and will continue to do so…why? Increased greenhouse gas in atmosphere; radiation budget is about 2 w/m2 positive [about 2 w/m2 more going in than out] ?
Now [what have we done!]
Last 1000 years
Instrumental data
Cold period
Little Ice Age
Warm period
hotter sun
more sunspots
colder sun
less sunspots

77. 1

78. 2

79. 5

80. 6

81. 7

82. 8

83. 9

84. Ocean chemistry strongly linked to land (chemical weathering),
Fig. A
Ocean chemistry strongly linked to land (chemical weathering),
ocean biology, atmosphere (gas exchange), and ocean mixing

85. Fig. 14

86. Fig. 17

87. Major influence on surface chemistry of ocean
Fig. 1
Some organic particles sink to
deeper ocean before respiration

88. Fig. 18

89. Figure 1 (Francis et al., 2005). Anomalies in September-average total sea ice extent (area with >15% concentration) in the N. Hemisphere derived from passive microwave satellite data. Anomalies are relative to the mean of 7.0 million km2. Data were obtained from the National Snow and Ice Data Center. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L21501, doi: /2005GL024376, 2005

90. Vicious cycle. Chapin et al
Vicious cycle. Chapin et al. (2005, Science) describe positive-feedback mechanisms from changing snow and vegetation cover on the climate of the Arctic. These mechanisms work to amplify global warming in the Arctic by reducing the highly reflective snow cover (top and middle) and expanding the cover of shrubs and trees (top and bottom). CREDIT: M. STERNITZKY/UNIV.OF WISCONSIN. INSETS: PHOTO.COM; M. STURM/U.S. ARMY COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY; J. BERINGER/MONASH UNIV
Science 28 October 2005: Vol no. 5748, pp DOI: /science Prev | Table of Contents | Next Perspectives
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Tipping Points in the Tundra
Jonathan A. Foley