2. Discussion topic:
Should animals be used in experiments?
10 minutes

3. Think about what we already know about BPS ethical guidelines Is it ethical to use animals in experiments? No. They cannot give consent

4. why use animals in experiments?
Its not ethical to use animals!
We use animals because they are like us
It’s more ethical than using humans because animals are not like us

5. However,
In studies looking at attachment, animal studies are regarded as more ethical than studies using humans
Why?
It would be unethical to influence the attachments infants form with their caregivers

6. What will we be looking at today?
So far you have started to look at bonds between infants and their caregivers
We will now investigate animal attachment and whether this could be applied to humans
The aim for today’s lesson

7. Animals forming attachments
Just like humans, animals form attachments too

8. Lorenz 1935 research
Animals have an innate ability to recognise their caregiver
Why would they need to recognise this?
Food
Survival

9. Imprinting
Lorenz suggested animals form these attachments through “imprinting”
Imprinting is where offspring follow the first large moving object

10. Lorenz 1935 Lorenz wanted to see how goslings imprint
He split a large clutch of goose eggs into two batches
Batch one hatched naturally by the mother
Batch two hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure he was the first moving object the newly hatched goslings would encounter

11. What do we think happened??

12. What do we think happened??
The naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother The incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz showing no bond to their natural mother These bonds proved irreversible

13. Lorenz ‘critical period’
Imprinting would occur within first few hours after birth (approx hours) which he termed the critical period

14. So what does this mean?
Imprinting has a critical period of hours
Imprinting is needed to form an attachment

15. Summarise this study in five bullet points
Activity 1:
Summarise this study in five bullet points

16. Are the results reliable?
Lorenz study has been replicated multiple times by other experimenters and similar findings have been found
This means the reliability of the experiment is high

17. Does the study have internal validity?
Did the study find what it intended to?
Look at the aim and the conclusion Yes… the study accomplished what it had set out to do

18. Does the study have external validity
There exists high external validity as the findings can apply to all geese However, as the studies did not incorporate humans the population validity of this study is low
Can the results of the study can be generalized to other situations and to other people?

19. Are the results generalisable?
Due to the low population validity, there is issues with generalising the results to the human population

20. Choose one strength or one weakness previously outlined
Activity 2:
Choose one strength or one weakness previously outlined
‘PEEL’ the evaluation you have selected
Point, Explain, Example, Link