1. Cell Introduction
Prokaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking a nucleus and most organelles
Eukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
Organelles: “mini-organ” part of the cell with a specific job.

2. Prokaryotic Cells A cell that lacks a nucleus
Still has Genetic information (DNA) just not contained in the nucleus
Bacteria and archaea are two types of prokaryotic cells
These appear to be the earliest organisms on earth.

3. Eukaryotic Cells
A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Genetic material is contained in the nucleus
These are broken up into Plant cells and Animal cells

4. Two Basic types Prokaryote Eukaryote Cell membrane cytoplasm
nucleus
Eukaryote
Cell organelles

5. Compare and Contrast Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Nucleus
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton

6. Animal cell -Eukaryote

7. Plant cell - Eukaryote

8. Organelle: “Mini” organ
Cell Organelles
Organelle: “Mini” organ

9. Nucleus
A large round organelle in the center of cells that contains and protects the cells genetic material (DNA)
The “brain” of the cell
Nuclear Envelope: double membrane folded together (lipid bilayer). Outer membrane becomes ER
Allows water and gases to pass freely- selectively permeable

10. Nucleolus Dense irregularly shaped region inside of nucleus
Subunits of ribosomes are made here

12. Ribosome A small, round organelle Made up of proteins and rRNA
found bound to the ER or found floating in the cell.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

13. Ribosome
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosomes

14. Endoplasmic Reticulum
An extension of nuclear envelope
Flattened sacs/tubes (network of membranes)
Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough E.R.
Has ribosomes attached to the outside of the membrane
Creates proteins
Smooth E.R
Does not have ribosomes attached to the membrane
Creates lipids
Breaks down carb’s/fatty acids/drugs/poisons

15. Transport vesicle
buds off
Ribosome
Polypeptide
Glycoprotein
Sugar
chain
Rough ER
Secretary
(glyco-) protein
inside trans-
port vesicle

16. Plasma Membrane A thin outer layer of a cell
Made up of a phospholipid bilayer
Regulates the amounts and types of molecules into and out of the cell

18. Cytoplasm vs Cytosol
The entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
A fluid filled space, where all organelles are found
Cytosol: All the LIQUID between the nucleus and cell membrane

19. Golgi Apparatus
An organelle made up of a series of folded membrane sacs
Makes changes to the products made by the ER (packages)
Add phosphates or sugars
Folds proteins into 3D shapes

20. “Receiving” side of
Golgi apparatus
Transport
vesicle
from ER
New vesicle
forming
“Shipping”
side of Golgi
apparatus
vesicle from
the Golgi

21. Mitochondria Double membrane, with inner membrane folded.
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
space
Outer
membrane
Inner
Cristae
Matrix
TEM 44,880
Double membrane, with inner membrane folded.
Matrix- fluid inside, contains own DNA and ribososmes
Resemble bacteria in size, form and biochemistry
Divide on own
Cellular Respirations: Uses food (glucose) to create chemical energy (ATP)
Found in plant and animal cells

22. Lysosomes (type of vesicle)
Membrane bound sack that contains digestive enzymes
Lysosomes are used to break down macromolecules
Break down incoming food
Destroy harmful bacteria
Recycle damaged organelles

23. Peroxisome (type of vesicle)
Contains enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids
During breakdown, hydrogen peroxide made as a byproduct- toxic- broken down into water and oxygen

24. Vesicle Membrane enclosed, sac-like organelles Great numbers
Bud from other organelles or from the cell membrane
Many types- transport vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, peroxisomes
Transport Vesicles- transport proteins from one organelle to another or to and from the cell membrane

25. Plasma
membrane
Rough ER
Lysosomes
Transport vesicle
(containing inactive
hydrolytic enzymes)
Golgi
apparatus
Engulfment
of particle
“Food”
Food
vacuole
Digestion
Lysosome
engulfing
damaged
organelle

26. Vacuole (a type of vesicle)
A large membrane bound sack found inside of the cell
Stores:waste/toxins/a.a/sugars/io ns and water
Central Vacuole: (makes up % of plant cell) Water in vacuole pushes against cell wall to keep it firm

27. Chloroplast Central vacuole Nucleus Contractile vacuoles
LM 650 
Central
vacuole
Nucleus
Contractile
vacuoles
Chloroplast
Colorized TEM 8,700 

28. Cytoskeleton
A network of proteins extending through the cytoplasm, such as microtubules and microfilaments
Reinforce, organize and move cells or cell structures (provide shape to cell)

30. Cell Wall A strong porous layer outside of the plasma membrane
Cell wall is found only in certain bacteria and plant cells.
Protects and supports the cell, and maintains cell shape

31. Chloroplast (type of plastid)
Oval disk shape, with double membrane
Stroma- fluid inside chloroplast- contains enzymes and DNA
Resemble photosynthetic bacteria
Photosynthesis:
Converts water and CO2 using sunlight into sugar and oxygen

32. Chloroplast
Stroma
Inner and outer
membranes
Granum
Intermembrane
space
TEM 9,750

33. Chromoplast and Amyloplast (plastids)
Chromoplast- make and store pigments other than chlorophyll
Amyloplasts- store starch (amylose and amylopectin)