1. Section 1-Polling Question
Which quality of an army do you think is most important for success?
A. Size of the army
B. Strong leadership
C. Advanced technology
D. Enthusiasm for their cause A B C D

2. Chapter 6 The American Revolution (1776-1783)
Section 1 The Early Years

3. Essential Question
Bell Ringer
What challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war?
What challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war?

4. Americans had fewer people and less wealth
Essential Question
Bell Ringer Answer
What challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war?
Americans had fewer people and less wealth
They lacked a regular army and a strong navy
They lacked military experience, weapons, and ammunition
Not all Americans supported the cause
Some Americans fought for the British
What challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war?

5. Essential Learning Skills
8.24 Using Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and The Crisis identify aspects of the texts that reveal the author’s point of view and purpose including loaded language. (H, P)
8.20 Explain the impact of individuals who created interest in the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, including: (C, G, H, TN) • long hunters • Wilderness Road • Daniel Boone • William Bean • Thomas Sharpe Spencer • Dr. Thomas Walker
8.27 Compare the points of views of the Loyalists and Patriots by integrating visual information through charts, graphs, or images with print texts. (C, E, G, H, P) Pontiac’s Rebellion
8.23 Determine the central ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence and write an expository piece in which the legacy of these ideas in today’s world is described and validated with supporting evidence from the text. (H, P)
Essential Question
What challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war?

6. The American Revolution
After the Declaration of Independence, war was unavoidable
Both sides thought the war would be short
Patriots thought the British would give up after one or two losing battles
John Adams thought otherwise “We shall have a long… and bloody war to go through”
The British had great advantages

7. British Advantages Strongest navy in the world
Experienced, well trained army
Wealth
Larger population
8 million in Great Britain to 2.5 million in the United States

8. Colonists’ Disadvantages
Lacked a regular army and strong navy
American soldiers lacked experience
Short supply of weapons and ammunition
Most were militia
Fought for a short period of time before going home

9. More Patriot Struggles
Not all supported the struggle for independence
Some were neutral
Quakers would not participate in the war
Many remained loyal to Britain

10. The Loyalists Loyal to Britain- also called Tories
1 in 5 (20%) were Loyalists
Some people changed sides depending on which army was closer
Loyalist support was biggest in the Carolinas and Georgia
Weakest in New England

11. Why were people Loyalists?
Some were members of the Anglican church (headed by the king)
Others depended on the British for their jobs
Others feared disorder of forming a new government
Others didn’t see why the colonies wanted independence
One Loyalist complained: No other country “faced a rebellion arising from such trivial causes”

12. African Americans in the War
Some sided with the Loyalists
The Royal Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, announced that enslaved people who fought on the British side would be freed
Many answered the call

13. Patriot Advantages
Fighting on own land and fought with determination to protect it
Britain was fighting in a faraway land
Britain relied on mercenaries (hired soldiers) called Hessians
Better leadership (George Washington)

14. Section 1
One of the Patriots’ greatest advantages was which of the following?
A. A larger population
B. Mercenaries fighting on their side
C. A stronger navy
D. George Washington as their military leader A B C D

15. Raising an army
The Americans transferred the power to the Continental Congress
The American Revolution was really like 13 separate wars
Each state pursued their own interests
Continental Congress had a hard time enlisting soldiers and raising money to fight the war
Each state was to recruit (enlist) soldiers

16. More of Raising an Army At first men signed up for one year of service
Washington convinced some to enlist “for the whole term of the war”
Officers were also hard to recruit
The best officers were veterans of previous wars
Women also fought with the Patriot forces
Molly Pitcher and others

17. Battle on Long Island
Summer of 1776, Britain sent 32,000 troops across the Atlantic under General William Howe
Patriots had fewer than 20,000 troops
Continental Army suffered serious defeat
Nathan Hale proved himself a hero at Long Island
Hale spied on the British disguising himself as a Dutch schoolteacher
The British figured out his true identity and hanged him
Right before his hanging Hale said, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country”

18. More of the Battle of Long Island
Americans fought with bravery, but ran short of supplies
A British soldier wrote that many of the Patriot soldiers killed had not been wearing shoes, socks, or jackets
“They are also in great want of blankets,” predicting that the rebels would suffer during the winter
Washington retreated to Manhattan and then to Pennsylvania

19. A Low Point
Patriots faced near collapse during the winter of
Size of the army dwindled as terms of service ended
Others ran away
Washington pleaded with the Continental Congress for new troops
Washington wanted to allow free blacks to fight, but many in the South felt uncomfortable giving them guns

20. African Americans Join the Fight
As more soldiers were needed, many states ignored the ban and enlisted African Americans
Rhode Island had an all-African regiment in 1778
By the end of the war, all states except South Carolina had enlisted African Americans to fight
As many as 5,000 joined the Patriots including Lemuel Hayes and Peter Salem
African Americans joined because they believed in the Patriot cause or they needed money

21. Section 1
Historians estimate that how many African Americans joined the Patriots to fight?
A. 500
B. 1,000
C. 5,000
D. 10,000 A B C D

22. The British Settled in New York for the winter
Left some troops in Princeton and Trenton, New Jersey
Washington saw a way to catch the British off guard
December 25th, 1776 Washington and 2,400 troops crossed the icy Delaware river to Trenton and surprised the Hessians
Washington then marched to Princeton and drove out the British
“Late successes have turned the scale and now they are all liberty-mad again”

23. A British Plan for Victory
The British planned on taking Albany, New York
Wanted to control the Hudson River
This would separate New England from the Middle Colonies
Involved a three-pronged attack
1. General John Burgoyne would lead 8,000 troops south from Canada
2. Lt. Colonel Barry St. Leger would move east from Lake Ontario
3. General Howe would move north from New York City
The three groups would meet at Albany and destroy the Patriot troops

24. The British Capture Philadelphia
Howe won battles near and in Philadelphia in September 1777
The Continental Congress was forced to flee
Washington then attacked the British at Germantown, but had to withdraw
Howe decided to spend the winter in Philadelphia instead of going to Albany
Howe wanted to stay close to Washington’s troops

25. Patriots slow the British
St. Leger’s forces approached Fort Stanwix, New York
Benedict Arnold forced the British to retreat
General Burgoyne’s troops were not making much progress
Gentleman Johnny Burgoyne traveled with 30 wagons of luxury goods
Americans also cut down trees to block their path
Burgoyne needed supplies so he sent 800 troops to Bennington, Vermont
The Green Mountain Boys attacked and defeated them
Burgoyne retreated to Saratoga, New York in October

26. The Battle of Saratoga
The British forces Burgoyne expected did not arrive
St. Leger was defeated and Howe was still in Philadelphia
American troops under General Horatio Gates blocked Burgoyne’s path to the south
Burgoyne was surrounded by a large army, but decided to attack
The American’s held together and forced Burgoyne to surrender
Howe then resigned as commander of British troops in America and was replaced by General Henry Clinton
Saratoga was a turning point in the war, Patriot victory now seemed possible

27. Section 1
At which battle was the British plan to separate the colonies foiled?
A. The Battle of Saratoga
B. The Battle of Trenton
C. The Battle of Philadelphia
D. The Battle of Burgoyne A B C D

28. Enslaved African Americans who fought on the British side were given
land.
freedom.
money.
guns.

29. Who disguised herself as a man so she could fight with the army?
Deborah Sampson
Margaret Corbin
Molly Pitcher
Betsy Ross

30. Few patriots believed ____________ when he stated, “We shall have a long and bloody war to go through.”
Alexander Hamilton
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Paine

31. The first state to have an all-African American regiment was
South Carolina.
New York.
Georgia.
Rhode Island.

32. On October 17, 1777, General John Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans at
Philadelphia.
Trenton.
Saratoga.
Concord.