1. Air and Sea Interaction
Chapter 8

2. Ocean Circulation Ocean circulation affects ALL of the worlds climates
The oceans transport heat into the air which changes the local climate
Air, land, and sea constantly exchange materials and energy

3. Air
Mixture of gases
Major gases are Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (.93%), and Carbon Dioxide (.03%) in Non-polluted air
The majority of breathable air is found in the ____________and ____________.
Ozone layer is found in the ____________

4. The amount of water the air can hold depends on 3 factors:
_____% of the volume of air is aerosols (small particulates) and water vapor
The particulates are responsible for creating acid rain and the hole in the ozone layer
Water vapor is invisible. Clouds are condensed water around the aerosols
The amount of water the air can hold depends on 3 factors:
Temperature (the ______ the temp, the more water)
Pressure (pressure ____________, so does water)
Density of air (__________ causes increase in water)
Warm moist air is __________dense than cool

5. Weather results
2 air masses of the same temperature can have different densities
Can lead to rain when the 2 fronts meet
____________ and ____________ rates are in a dynamic equilibrium
Temperature changes causes saturation levels to change
adhesion and cohesion causes droplets to drop
This is what is reported on the news

6. Earth Heat Balance
Greenhouse effect is NOT ____________ ____________. It is necessary.
It is how the earth absorbs and reflects solar radiation
_______% is absorbed or reflected in atmosphere
Without it average temperature would be ________o C colder
The concern is increasing the effect

7. Why does the Earth heat unevenly
Temperatures vary by location and time of year
____________ shape causes heat to arrive at different times
The ____________ axis causes different parts to heat at different rates
Reason why the northern is in winter while the southern hemisphere is in summer
The ____________ ____________ causes the earth to be closer to the sun at different times of the year.
The winters of the northern hemisphere is warmer than the winters of the southern hemisphere
The earth is closer to the sun in January than in July
Show the demo with the globe and a flashlight

8. Convection Uneven heating causes hot air to raise and cool air to fall
This is due to a ____________ change
The hot air at the equator will head either to north or south poles. At the same time, the cold air at the poles will move towards the equator.
This causes various weather patterns including rain, wind, and snow

9. Coriolis Effect
Coriolis effect => tendency for a moving object to deflect right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere
This causes winds to be able to move in ____________ direction
It shapes wind and ocean currents
Allows for distribution of heat, nutrients, and life
Ocean currents are covered later. see class demo on show N, equator, ball travels straight but planet rotates away. Equator to N ball is rotating at equator speed and moves away because rotation slows as it reaches pole

10. It is caused by the rotation of the earth
FYI toilets do not flow in a different direction
They can be made to do that.

11. Atmospheric Circulation Cells
Small regions of air mass with individual airflow patterns
Winds do NOT just flow from pole to equator and back
Air gains density by cooling and losing water BEFORE it reaches the poles causing it to return back to the equator (due to convection)
Some air keeps going another 30o and repeats
This causes the different wind patterns
Why do winds vary? This is the question for this section.

12. 3 types of Atmospheric Circulation cells
Each type has a northern and southern hemisphere version of it
____________ = (a.k.a. trade winds) in the North it flows from NE to SW. In the South, it flows SE to NW

13. ____________ = known as the Westerlies in the northern hemisphere because it flows from W to E and Easterlies in the southern hemisphere because its E to W.
This is opposite than expected because the other 2 types have an effect on it
____________ = they follow the same flow pattern as the ____________ ____________.

14. Intertropical Convergence Zone
Known as the __________ ___________
It can shift depending on how the planet is heated
It is the wettest parts of the earth
It is the reason most ____________ are located at 30o
This is where the dry air mass that rises ends up

15. Monsoons Causes wet summers and dry winter
Results because the land has a ____________ heat capacity than water
Air over land heats ____________ causing it to rise
Moist air comes in from the ocean to replace it
It too gets heated and rises. When it cools, water falls
In winter, the process is ____________

16. Cyclones
____________ ____________ storm systems of low pressure with converging winds at the ____________
Forms when the coriolis effect causes moist winds to spiral into a ____________ ____________ area
It can become a ____________ or ____________
Their energy source is a rapid movement of ____________ and ____________ into a system from warm, tropical ocean
This is why they weaken over land and cold water
They rotate ____________ in the north and ____________ in the south
There is a purpose for them: distribute heat in the planet as fast as possible.