1. Electrons are transferred by friction from the cloth to the rod.+1 1
In the nucleus 1
In the nucleus
Neutral -1
negligible
Orbiting the nucleus
Electrons are transferred by friction from the cloth to the rod.
Negative
Positive
Metals are good conductors so electrons move easily through and are spread out.

2. electrons electrons positively electrons negatively
the object now has more protons than electrons so is positively charged
electrons
negatively
the object now has more electrons than protons so is negatively charged
attract
repel
repel

3. E.G shock from a door handle:
Charge builds up on the person as they walk across the floor due to friction between the shoes and carpet transferring electrons. When the person touches the metal door handle, the charge flows through the metal to the earth. The person feels a shock from this flow of charge.
Static charge builds up in the clouds by friction between ice particles in the air transferring electrons. The charge build up in the cloud can induce an opposite charge in the ground. If the difference in charge is big enough a huge spark will form (the lightning bolt)
The comb has a charge (for example negative). When it is held near some neutral paper the paper electrons in the paper are repelled, leaving a positive charge near the comb. This side of the paper is attracted to the comb.
The balloon is negatively charged. The wall has both positive and negative charges in it but overall has no charge. When the balloon is held near the wall the electrons in the wall are repelled and move away. The positive charge (induced charge) left behind attracts the negatively charged balloon so it sticks to the wall.

4. the build up of charge can cause a spark which could ignite the fuel
Friction between the air and the aircraft. As the aircraft passes through the air, friction transfers electrons and the plane becomes charged.
the build up of charge can cause a spark which could ignite the fuel
attaching a bonding line (a metal wire) which connects the aircraft to the earth. This discharges the aircraft before it is refuelled so there are no sparks near the fuel line.

5. The paint is charged in the paint sprayer so the droplets will have the same charge and therefore repel each other. This means the paint droplets spread out so form a fine, even spray. The paint is charged in the opposite way to the object so the paint is attracted to the object and is not wasted.
The pesticide is charged in a crop sprayer so the pesticide spreads out evenly. Less pesticide can then be used to guarantee sufficient coverage across the whole field.

6. charge
current
cell
bulb

7. The atoms are arranged in a regular way
Move between one ion and the next
sea of delocalised electrons
they repel and so electrons are pushed round the circuit

8. A cell is a single unit while a battery is made of several cells connected together in series
Q = I x t
30s
Q = 5 x 30
Current is generated by a wire moving in a magnetic field. If the wire is moved in the opposite direction, the induced current also moves in the opposite direction.
In a generator, the coil moves up during one half turn, and then down during the next half turn.
This means that as a coil is rotated in a magnetic field, the induced current reverses direction every half turn. This is called alternating current (AC).
150 C
Q = I x t
30s
I = Q/t
Batteries produce electricity by a chemical reaction. Batteries have 3 parts – anode (-ve), cathode (+ve) and electrolyte. The chemical reactions cause electrons to build up at the anode so there is a electrical difference between the anode and the cathode. The electrons repel each other and flow through the wires to the place with a lower number of electrons. They can’t travel straight from anode to cathode because of the electrolyte.
150 C
I = 150/30 5A

9. AC – current reverses between positive and negative direction
DC – current in positive direction only
AC – current reverses between positive and negative direction
DC – current in positive direction only
DC – current in positive direction only