1. Sponge: Wednesday, March 7
Why did South Carolina threaten to leave the Union during the 1832 Nullification Crisis?
How did the Missouri Compromise of 1820 deal with the issue of slavery?

2. SSUSH10 The student will identify legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction. a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican Reconstruction. b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the former slaves and provide advanced education (Morehouse College) and describe the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau. c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction. e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction. f. Analyze how the presidential election of 1876 and the subsequent compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction.

3. Reconstruction (1865 to 1877)
Reconstruction is the era after the Civil War when the U.S. gov’t:
Brought the seceded Southern states back into the Union
Ended slavery & tried to protect newly emancipated slaves
Rebuilt the nation after more than four years of fighting

4. Reconstruction: 1865-1877 Reconstruction occurred in 2 phases:
(1) Presidential Reconstruction ( ) was lenient in order to allow Southern states to quickly rejoin the Union; it was initiated by President Lincoln but carried out by President Andrew Johnson

5. Reconstruction: 1865-1877 Reconstruction occurred in 2 phases:
(2) Congressional Reconstruction ( ) was directed by Radical Republicans in Congress who wanted a stricter plan that protected the rights of former slaves & kept Confederate leaders from regaining power in the South

6. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan
In his 2nd inaugural address, Lincoln promised a Reconstruction Plan for the Union with “malice towards none & charity for all”
Before the Civil War came to an end (& before his death), Lincoln proposed his Ten-Percent Plan
This plan was very lenient & allowed former Confederate states could re-enter the Union when:
10% of its population swore an oath of loyalty to the USA
States ratified the 13th Amendment ending slavery

7. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan
Radical Republicans in Congress rejected Lincoln’s plan because:
It did nothing to protect ex-slaves or to keep Confederate leaders from regaining power in the South
Wanted 50% of state populations to swear an oath of loyalty
When the Civil War ended & Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, there was no Reconstruction Plan in place

8. Presidential Reconstruction
When Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, VP Andrew Johnson tried to continue Lincoln’s policies:
His Presidential Reconstruction plan was lenient towards Southerners
States could come back into the USA once they ratified the 13th Amendment

9. Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson’s Reconstruction plan hoped to quickly re-unify the nation
But, this plan did not require strict regulations to protect former slaves
Southern states passed black codes to keep African-Americans from gaining land, jobs, voting rights, & protection under the law
Johnson pardoned 13,000 ex-Confederates

10. Presidential Reconstruction
Led by Thaddeus Stevens, many “radical” Republicans in Congress opposed Johnson’s plan & pushed for laws to protect African-Americans:
Created the Freedman’s Bureau
Pushed for the 14th Amendment

11. The Freedman’s Bureau
The Freedman’s Bureau was established in 1865 to offer assistance to former slaves & protect their new citizenship:
Provided emergency food, housing, medical supplies
Promised “40 acres & a mule”
Supervised labor contracts
Created new schools and provided medical assistance

12. The Role of Freedman’s Bureau Agents
Many former abolitionists moved South to help freedmen, called “carpetbaggers” by Southern Democrats

13. A Freedman’s Bureau School

14. Historically Black Colleges in the South
The emphasis on education led to the creation of black universities, such as Morehouse College in Atlanta

15. The 14th Amendment
Congress feared Johnson would allow violations of civil rights so it drafted the 14th Amendment:
Clarified the idea of citizenship to include former slaves
All citizens were entitled to equal protection under the law & cannot be deprived of life, liberty, property without due process of law
Tennessee was the only Southern state to accept the amendment
Federal gov’t must protect the civil rights of all Americans
Defined the meaning of “citizenship” for Americans
Clearly defined punishments for Southern states who violated the civil rights of African-Americans

16. Sponge: Thursday, March 8
What did the 13th Amendment accomplish?
What did the 14th Amendment accomplish?

17. Presidential Reconstruction
President Johnson vetoed the Freedman’s Bureau bill & encouraged Southern states to not support the 14th Amendment
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to give citizenship rights to freed slaves
Johnson vetoed, Congress overrode the veto
(but Congress overrode his veto)

18. Congressional Reconstruction-Began 1867
The Reconstruction Act of required that any Confederate state that wanted to re-enter the Union had to:
Ratify the 14th Amendment
Allow African-American men the right to vote in their states
Keep Confederate leaders from returning to power

19. Created 5 military districts to protect former slaves & to enforce reconstruction
The success of Reconstruction

20. Johnson’s Impeachment (1868)
President Johnson obstructed Congressional Reconstruction:
He vetoed Reconstruction laws
He fired military generals appointed by Congress to oversee Southern military zones
He violated a new law called the Tenure of Office Act when he tried to fire his Secretary of War who supported Congress’ plan

21. Radical Republicans used this as an opportunity to impeach the president
To impeach is to formally charge an elected official of wrongdoing
The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson, but the Senate did not convict him so he kept the presidency

22. In 1868, Civil War hero Ulysses Grant won the presidency & worked with Congress to reconstruct the South:
By 1868, most Confederate states had been re-admitted to the Union under Congressional Reconstruction
Under Grant, the last would re-enter

23. Prohibited any state from denying men the right to vote due to race
In 1870, the 15th Amendment gave black men the right to vote
Prohibited any state from denying men the right to vote due to race
But…the amendment said nothing about literacy tests, poll taxes, & property qualifications

24. Sponge: Monday, March 12
What Union victory was the bloodiest single day of the Civil War and led to Lincoln’s issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation?
What did Nat Turner and John Brown have in common? How did the South react to each man?

25. Unit test on Wednesday!!

26. SSUSH10: Identify legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction.
f. Analyze how the presidential election of 1876 and the subsequent compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction.

27. Conclusions As a result of Congressional Reconstruction (1867-1877):
All eleven Confederate states were re-admitted into the Union
The 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments provided protection & opportunity for African-Americans in the South
But, this was difficult to enforce & sustain as Democrats slowly took back control of Southern states

28. Successes of Reconstruction
All eleven Confederate states were re-admitted into the Union
Reconstruction led to the end of slavery as well as protections for all citizens, including African-Americans:
13th Amendment ended slavery
14th Amendment guaranteed all citizens, regardless of race, equal protection under the law
15th Amendment gave voting rights to African-American men

29. Successes of Reconstruction
Reconstruction was the “golden age” of voting for African-Americans:
With the right to vote, military districts, & federal troops in the South to protect voters, African-Americans were empowered
The first black politicians were elected to state & national offices
Republicans took control of state governments in the South

30. Reconstruction-Era Senator & Congressmen
Senator Hiram R. Revels and Representatives Benjamin S. Turner, Josiah T. Walls, Joseph H. Rainey, Robert Brown Elliot, Robert D. De Large, and Jefferson H. Long.

31. Failures of Reconstruction
After the Civil War, slavery was replaced by sharecropping:
White land owners would “rent” parcels of their fields to blacks in exchange for ½ to ¼ of the cotton that they produced
But, former slaves had no money for tools or seeds so they gained loans from the land owner in exchange for more of their cotton (crop lien system)
Sharecropping is also known as “tenant farming”

32. Failures of Reconstruction
Southern states passed laws that discriminated called black codes:
These laws restricted African-Americans from serving on juries, testifying against whites in court, marrying whites, or owning land
In some cases, black men would be forced into slavery as punishment for a crime or for not paying back debts

33. Failures of Reconstruction
To avoid upholding the Fifteenth Amendment, many states enacted literacy tests and poll taxes
Poor and uneducated whites were spared these burdens through grandfather clauses
With these measures the “solid South” prevailed
Nearly a century after Reconstruction, only Democrats tended to win important political offices in southern states

34. Failures of Reconstruction
Southern whites used violence & intimidation to keep blacks inferior to whites:
Groups like the Ku Klux Klan attacked blacks who tried to vote or spoke out against black codes; carpetbaggers, & scalawags (whites who voted Republican)
Lynching became common

35. In 1877, Reconstruction ended:
The Democratic Party returned to power in all 11 Southern states
The only thing protecting blacks were federal troops; but by 1875, President Grant had stopped sending reinforcements

36. The “Compromise of 1877”:
In the 1876 election, neither Democrat Tilden nor Republican Hayes won a majority of electoral vote
Democrats in Congress agreed to vote for Hayes if the remaining federal troops were withdrawn from the South

37. 1876 Presidential Election
President Hayes removed federal troops & ended military zones
Reconstruction officially ended in 1877

38. Work Period
Create double-bubble on Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction
Scales project to show balances of legislative compromises