1. Objective
Objective 1: Martin Luther and other reformers criticized Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice.
Objective 2: Religious conflicts became a basis for challenging the monarchs’ control of religious institutions.
Which of the following developments best represents a long-term effect of Christian humanism?
Catholic unity throughout Europe
Religious plurality in France as evidenced through the Edict of Nantes
Religious conflict in Europe until the mid-seventeenth century
The implementation of new religious orders such as Jesuits

2. Renaissance and Reformation Overlap
Botticelli, 1480s
95 Theses, 1517
Bruegel, 1566

3. Protestant Reformation
A protest to reform the Catholic Church
An intentional revolution? An intentional break?

4. Luther’s Problems with the Catholic Church
Letter to Archbishop
Table Talk
Pope > Bible
AN INDULGENCE

5. Indulgence
What is it?
Why does this upset Luther?
Remission of temporal penalty for sin, but still have to answer to God
Old tradition (Crusades)
Example: Excused v Unexcused absence
Indulgence: Excused absence
What it’s not: free pass to Heaven or expunging sin

6. Indulgences During Luther
Tetzel
Pope Leo X grant indulgences in exchange for money to build St. Peter’s Basilica