1. DNA structure and gene expression
Chapter 1
DNA structure and gene expression
1. The building blocks and chemical bonds of DNA, RNA
& polypeptides
- Covalent bonds provide stability for nucleic acid and proteins while noncovalent bonds (e.g. H-bonds) are very important in allowing the annealing and separation of DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA and protein-protein molecules.

5. 2. DNA structure and replication:
- DNA is antiparallel double helix
- DNA and RNA display intramolecular hydrogen bonding

10. - DNA replication is semiconservative.
- At the replication fork one newly synthesized strand is continuous while the other newly synthesized strand is discontinuous

14. 3. RNA transcription:
- The flow of genetic material
DNA -----> RNA -----> protein
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15. - For any one gene, the DNA strand that is used by RNA polymerase as a template is known as the antisense strand while the complementary DNA strand for this gene is known as the sense strrand.
- The DNA sense strand has the same sequence as the RNA transcript except that T is replaced by U

18. - Transcription in eukaryotes requires the interaction between cis-acting elements (DNA promoters and other regulatory sequences) and trans-acting factors (regulatory DNA binding proteins)

20. 4. RNA processing

26. 5. Translation and postranslational modification