1. Research Methods in Sociology
ref: Sociology and me

2. The following information can be found in the text, Sociology and You, and is for use in Ms. Wray’s Sociology class.

3. Predict how you think conditions have changed from the year 1900 to 2000 by answering the following statements:
1. __________times as many adults are getting high school degrees.
2. __________ percent of all American homes have telephones, electricity, and a flush toilet.
3. Accidental deaths have decreased by __________ percent.
4. Wages in the manufacturing sector are __________ times greater.
5. Average household assets are __________ times greater.
6. The average work week is __________ percent shorter/longer.
7. The air we breath is __________ percent cleaner/dirtier.
8. More than __________ percent of Americans have at least one automobile, VCR, microwave oven, air conditioner, cable television, washer and dryer..

4. 1. Four as many adults are getting high school degrees.
percent of all American homes have telephones, electricity, and a flush toilet.
3. Accidental deaths have decreased by 61 percent. (In spite of car and plane travel)
4. Wages in the manufacturing sector are Four times greater.
5. Average household assets are Seven times greater.
6. The average work week is 30 percent shorter.
7. The air we breath is 97 percent cleaner.
8. More than 70 percent of Americans have at least one automobile, VCR, microwave oven, air conditioner, cable television, washer and dryer..

5. For Sociologists the world is their laboratory.
Like all scientists, sociologists gain their knowledge by doing research. The goal of the sociological research is to test common sense assumptions and replace false ideas with facts and evidence. Part of the sociological perspective is to ask "why" and "how" questions and then to form hypotheses to arrive at accurate understandings.
For Sociologists the world is their laboratory.

6. How then do sociologists do research?
Sociologists use a number of methods to their research. The methods are either classified as quantative or qualitive.

7. Quantative research uses numerical data.
ref:
ref:
Quantative research tools include surveys and pre collected data.

8. Survey Research:
A survey is a research method in which people respond to questions, and is the most widely used research methods among sociologists. It is ideal for studying large numbers of people.

9. How are effective surveys conducted?
In survey research, care must be taken that surveys are sent to the right number and type of people.
A population is all those people with the characteristic a researcher wants to study (ex. all high school students living in the United States, or all postal workers living in Connecticut).
Since it is impossible to effectively survey ALL high school students living in the United States, sociologists survey a sample of the population.
A sample is a limited number of cases drawn from the larger population. A sample must be selected carefully if it is to have the same basic characteristics as the general population, that is if it is to be a representative sample.

10. How are representative samples selected?
The most common reason that researchers usually do not conduct surveys of an entire population is that it is usually too time-consuming and expensive.
The standard way of getting a representative sample is by random, or chance, selection.
If you wanted to ask students at this school how they feel about the nutrition value in our schools lunch, how could you choose a representative sample?

11. How is survey information is gathered?
In surveys, information is obtained through either a questionnaire or an interview.
A questionnaire is a written set of questions that survey participants answer by themselves.
In an interview, a trained interviewer askers questions and records the answers.

12. Questionnaires and interviews may contain closed-ended or open-ended questions
Closed-ended questions are those that a person answers by choosing from a limited, predetermined set of responses. example: Multiple choice questions.
Open-ended questions asks the person to answer in his or her own words. Answers to open-ended questions can reveal many attitudes.

13. Secondary Analysis Typed of pre collected data include the following:
Using pre collected information - that is, information someone else has already gathered - is known as secondary analysis. Sociologists rely on pre collected data about 90 percent of the time.
Typed of pre collected data include the following:
government reports
company reports
voting lists
prison records
reports of research done by other social scientists

14. Most of these methods fall under the heading of field research.
Qualitive research uses narrative or descriptive data rather than numerical data.
Most of these methods fall under the heading of field research.

15. Field Research looks closely at aspects of social life that cannot be measured quantatively and that are best understood within a natural setting. High School cliques and "jock" culture are examples of topics best studied by field research.
ref:

16. Case Study
The most commonly used approach to field research is the case study - a thorough investigation of a single group, incident, or community. This method assumes that the findings in one case can be generalized to similar situations. It is the researcher's responsibility to point out the factors in the study that are unique and that would not apply to other situations.
For example: the conclusions of a study on drug use in Chicago, should apply to other large cities as well.

17. Participant Observation
In participant observation, a researcher becomes a member of the group being studied. A researcher may join a group with or without informing its members that he or she is a sociologist. Participant observation is most closely associated with qualitative research.
Never Been Kissed
Drew Barrymore's character goes undercover
at a high school to write a story
Tyra Banks in a "fat suit"
to study how obese people
are treated

18. The Nature of Causation in Science
Scientists assume that an event occurs for a reason. According to the concept of causation, events occur in predictable, nonrandom ways. One event leads to another.
Social events are generally too complex to be explained by any single factor. The concept of multiple causation states that an event occurs as a result of several factors working in combination.

19. Think of events in your own life. Analyze it for causation.
For example:
Have you lost a boyfriend/girlfriend?
Have you done poorly on an important exam?
Can you really isolate the reasons for these events to one all encompassing cause?
Each single factor that add to multiple causation is called a variable.

20. A variable is a characteristic - such as age, education, or occupation - that is subject to change. Variables can be quantitative or qualitative, independent or dependent.

21. Some materials have greater density than others
Some materials have greater density than others. Some people have higher incomes than others. The literacy rate is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. Each of these characteristics is a quantative variable, a variable that can be measured and given a numerical value.
In contrast, a qualitative variable is identified by membership in a category. It is an "either/or" or a "yes/no" variable.
Sex, marital status, and group membership are three qualitative variables often used by sociologists.

22. They then define these variables as either independent or dependent.
When they conduct studies, sociologists and other scientists identify the qualitative and quantative variables to investigate.
They then define these variables as either independent or dependent.

23. The independent variable in a study is the variable that causes something to occur. The researcher changes, or looks for changes, in this variable.
The dependent variable is what results from the change in the independent variable.
For example, you might look at the time spent studying for a test as an independent variable that could cause a change in a grade - the dependent variable
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
re:

24. An intervening variable influences the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable.
The existence of a government support program, for example, may intervene between poverty and hunger. If a strong safety net exists, for instance, very poor parents and their children may experience no more hunger than those in the working class. Poverty is the cause of the hunger but does not have to be if government intervention in the form of income and food exists. The poor without a safety net will experience more hunger. The poor with a safety net will not.

25. A correlation is simply a measure of how things are related to one another. When a change in a trait, behavior, or an event is tied to a change in another trait, behavior, or and event, a correlation exists. The correlation may be positive or negative
A positive correlation exists if both the independent variable and the dependent variable change in the same direction.
If increase in study time leads to and improvement in grades.
Study time
Grades
A negative correlation exists if an increase in the independent variable is linked to a decrease in the dependent variable.
If increase in time watching TV leads to and decrease in grades.
Time watching TV
Grades

26. (a testable statement of relationships among well-defined variables)
Scientific Method: the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypothesis.
1. Identify the problem
2. Review the literature
3. Formulate Hypotheses
(a testable statement of relationships among well-defined variables)
4. Develop a Research design
5. Collect Data
6. Analyze Data
7. State Findings and Conclusions

27. Ethics in Social Research
When conducting research, sociologists must always consider the ethical implications of their research methods.
Conducting ethical research means showing objectivity; using superior research standards; reporting findings and methods truthfully; and protecting the rights, privacy, integrity, dignity, and freedom of research subjects.