1. Organizing & Using Data*
07/16/96
Organizing & Using Data
Dr. Alan H. Teich
Chapter 9 *

2. Using & Organizing Data*
07/16/96
Using & Organizing Data
What data tell you
Organizing
Calculations
Tables *

3. Table 9.1 Frequency of cigarette smoking each day for 2 weeks of baseline
Day of Week One Two
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday

4. *
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Graphing Data
Line Graphs
Bar Graphs
Cumulative Graphs *

5. Line Graphs

6. Bar Graphs

7. Cumulative Graph

8. Making a Graph Communicate effectively Easy to read*
07/16/96
Making a Graph
Communicate effectively
Easy to read
Clear and fair view of data *

9. Problems in Graphic Analyses
Poor baselines can create problems
high variability can make it difficult to conclude a change occurred
trends in baseline behavior in the direction of anticipated change make it unclear whether the behavior changed due to intervention
short baselines can provide too little information about trends

10. Assessing a Program’s Progress*
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Assessing a Program’s Progress
Three methods:
Consult the individual
Consult experts
Graphic analysis *

11. Troubleshooting: Discovering Why a Program Isn't Working
Did the functional analyses identify the relevant elements of the behavior and situation?
Were the best treatment techniques selected for the problem?
Was treatment delivered consistently?

12. Improving a Program: Managing Antecedents
Were prompts, models and instructions effective?
Did you effectively narrow, eliminate, or break chains of antecedents?
Were CSs of a stimulus hierarchy properly arranged and applied?

13. Improving a Program: Managing Behavior
Was the target behavior clearly defined?
Were shaping procedures appropriate for the skill level of the individual?
Were prerequisite skills lacking?
Was the person able to relax?
Were clear images created with covert conditioning?
Were appropriate alternative responses encouraged?

14. Improving a Program: Managing Consequences
Did reinforcers loose value?
Were reinforcers applied appropriately?
Did consequences change behavior as anticipated?
Was extinction applied appropriately?
Were lottery or group contingencies applied appropriately?

15. Improving a Program: Procedural Aspects of the Program
Was assessment accurate and appropriate?
Were data collection procedures overly difficult, complex, or time consuming?
Were program procedures implemented as planned?
Did those administering programs use techniques in the same way?
Was the contract mutually agreed on and clear?
Did outside factors disrupt the program?
Did you observe problems with motivation or training for the individual or those administering treatment?

16. Tips on Using Data and Improving Programs
Table data frequently
Examine data for trends or excessive variability
Construct neat and accurate graphs and tables
Identify possible explanations for unusual patterns of behavior
Sketch graphs before constructing final version
Use appropriate labels to make graph self-explanatory
Do a full graphic analysis after about a week
When troubleshooting, keep written notes on your evaluation
Add data to graph periodically and evaluate progress