1. Does vacuum-assisted venous drainage increase gaseous microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass? 
Timothy J. Jones, FRCS, Dwight D. Deal, BS, Jason C. Vernon, BS, Noel Blackburn, CCP, David A. Stump, PhD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 74, Issue 6, Pages (December 2002)
DOI: /S (02)04081-X

2. Fig 1
Schematic of model cardiopulmonary bypass circuit demonstrating detector location and air introduction. (EDAC = embolus detection and classification systems.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (02)04081-X)

3. Fig 2
The embolus detection and classification (EDAC) system was validated by interfacing with a camera for synchronized image and signal capture. (GME= gaseous microemboli.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (02)04081-X)

4. Fig 3
The progression of gaseous microemboli through a cardiopulmonary bypass circuit primed with blood. (GSVD= gravity siphon venous drainage;VAVD −40= vacuum-assisted venous drainage at −40 mm Hg pressure;VAVD −65= vacuum-assisted venous drainage at −65 mm Hg pressure.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (02)04081-X)

5. Fig 4
The progression of gaseous microemboli through a cardiopulmonary bypass circuit primed with distilled water. (GSVD= gravity siphon venous drainage; VAVD −40= vacuum-assisted venous drainage at −40 mm Hg pressure; VAVD −65= vacuum-assisted venous drainage at −65 mm Hg pressure.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (02)04081-X)