2. OSHA RADIATION PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
Ionizing Radiation
Non-Ionizing Radiation

3. What is Radiation
The process of emitting energy in the form of particles or waves.
Matter’s is composed of very, very small particles called atoms.
Radiation comes from atoms that are in the process of changing

4. Radiation Types Non-Ionizing Radiation Ionizing Radiation
Visible light/heat/radio waves/microwaves
Does not have sufficient energy to cause ionization
Ionizing Radiation
Physical change in atoms by making them electrically charged—called ionization
1. Points to Cover
Non-ionizing Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation that does not have sufficient energy to remove electrons from the outer shells of atoms.
Types of non-ionizing radiation would include ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwave, radio and television, and extremely low frequency. The primary health effect from high exposure levels of non-ionizing radiation arises from heat generation in body tissue.
Ionizing Radiation
Any radiation capable of displacing electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby producing ions.
Examples: alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays, neutrons and ultraviolet light. High doses of ionizing radiation may produce severe skin or tissue damage.
2. Questions to Ask
3. Points to Ponder
4. Demonstrations and Exercises
5. References and Resources

5. Non-Ionizing Radiation
Has enough energy to move atoms but not enough to alter them chemically.
It is all part of the electromagnetic spectrum, or electromagnetic radiation.
Electromagnetic exists as waves with both an electric field and a magnetic field.
Ultra Violet, Infra Red, Microwave, Laser.

6. Hazards of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Its energy is transformed into thermal and chemical energy.
Thermal energy generates heat, and chemical energy can cause reactions which may damage the molecule in our tissues.
Some energy can cause burns (IR), and can cause cataracts and can burn the cornea and injure the retina
UV can cause blindness.

7. Protection Appropriate engineering controls and safe work practices.
Apparatus are designed to prevent the escape of harmful light – follow the manufacturer’s instructions for replacing bulbs and making repairs.
Make sure all shields and guards are in place whenever the bulb is energized.
Use the proper eye protection.

8. Ionizing Radiation
Is radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms.
The major types of radiation emitted as a result of spontaneous decay are Alpha and Beta particles, and Gamma rays. X rays, another major type of radiation, arise from processes outside the nucleus.

9. Alpha Particles
Alpha particles are energetic, positively charged particles that rapidly lose energy when passing through matter and do not penetrate so far.
They can cause damage over their short path through tissue.(Not a hazard outside the body)
They can be very harmful if they are ingested or inhaled.
Alpha particles can be stopped completely by a sheet of paper.

10. Alpha Particles Positively charged Emitted from uranium and radium
Do not penetrate far
Not a hazard outside the body
Harmful if ingested or inhaled
Speaker’s Notes
Alpha particles are energetic, positively charged particles that rapidly lose energy when passing through matter.
They are commonly emitted in the radioactive decay of the heaviest radioactive elements such as uranium and radium as well as by some manmade elements.
Alpha particles lose energy rapidly in matter and do not penetrate very far. Alpha particles can be stopped completely by a sheet of paper.
These particles are usually completely absorbed by the outer dead layer of the human skin. Thus, alpha emitting radioisotopes are not a hazard outside the body.
However, alpha emitters can be very harmful if they are ingested or inhaled because they can cause damage over their short path through tissue.

11. Beta Particles
Beta particles are fast moving negatively charged particles.
Beta particles are more penetrating than Alpha particles.
Some Beta particles are capable of penetrating the skin and causing radiation damage.
They can be very harmful when they are inhaled or ingested.
Can be stopped by a layer of clothing or by a few millimeters of aluminum.

12. Beta Particles Positive or negative electrons
Emitted from tritium, carbon-14, strontium-90
Capable of penetrating skin
More hazardous when inhaled or ingested
Stopped by clothing or aluminum foil
Speaker’s Notes
Beta particles are fast moving, positively or negatively charged electrons emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay.
Humans are exposed to beta particles from manmade and natural sources such as tritium, carbon-14, and strontium-90.
Some beta particles are capable of penetrating the skin and causing radiation damage.
Beta emitters, like alpha emitters, are generally more hazardous when they are inhaled or ingested.
Beta particles travel appreciable distances in air, but can be reduced or stopped by a layer of clothing or by a few millimeters of a substance such as aluminum.

13. Gamma Rays Gamma rays are weightless packets of energy called photons.
They have neither a charge nor a mass and are very penetrating.
Gamma rays can easily pass completely through the human body or be absorbed by tissue, thus constituting a radiation hazard for the entire body.
Several feet of concrete or a few inches of lead may be required to stop the more energetic gamma rays.

14. Gamma Rays Packets of energy called photons
No charge or mass, very penetrating
Emitted from potassium-40, plutonium-239
Absorbed by tissue
Only stopped by thick concrete or lead
Speaker’s Notes
Like visible light and X rays, gamma rays are weightless packets of energy called photons. Gamma rays often accompany the emission of alpha or beta particles from a nucleus.
Gamma rays have neither a charge nor a mass and are very penetrating.
One source of gamma rays in the environment is naturally occurring potassium-40. Manmade sources include plutonium-239 and cesium-137.
Gamma rays can easily pass completely through the human body or be absorbed by tissue, thus constituting a radiation hazard for the entire body.
Several feet of concrete or a few inches of lead may be required to stop the more energetic gamma rays.

15. X - Rays
X-rays are high-energy photons produced by the interaction of charged particles with matter.
X-rays and gamma rays have essentially the same properties, but differ in origin.
X-rays are emitted from processes outside the nucleus.
X-rays are lower in energy and less penetrating than gamma rays.
A few millimeter of lead can stop medical x-rays.

16. Penetrating Powers

17. Risk from Exposure to Radiation
Radiation is carcinogen, can cause cancer.
It may also cause other adverse health effects, including genetic defects in the children of exposed parents or mental retardation in the children of motors exposed during pregnancy.
Knowledge about risks from radiation is based on studies of over 100,000 survivors of the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Effects of wide range of radiation doses.

18. Acute Health Effects Changes in the blood cells Vascular changes
Skin irritation
Gastrointestinal effects
Radiation sickness:
Diarrhea
Nausea
Vomiting
High fever
Hair loss
Burns

20. Radiation Protection Concepts
There are three concepts in basic radiation protection. They are:
1- Time
2- Distance
3- Shielding

23. Time
If you decrease the amount of time you spent near the source of radiation, you will decrease the amount of radiation exposure you receive.

24. Distance
The farther away you are from a radiation source, the less the exposure.
The intensity of radiation from a source varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source.

26. Shielding
If you increase the shielding around a radiation source, it will decrease your exposure.

28. Radiation Measurement Units
Roentgen
Curie
Rem
Sievert
Becquerel

29. Dosimetry Units Exposure Ability of photons to ionize air
1 roentgen (R) = 2.58 e-4 Joule/kg in air
Absorbed Dose (RAD)
Energy actually deposited by mass
1 rad = 100 ergs/gram
1 gray (Gy) = 100 rad -- SI units

30. Dose Equivalent - REM
Takes into account the relative biological effect for different radiations
1 rem = 1rad x QF
QF = Quality Factor
Beta = 1
Gamma & X-ray = 1
1 seivert (Sv) = 100 rem -- SI units

31. Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)
The unit of absorbed dose, a dose of one rad means the absorption of 100 ergs of radiation energy per gram of absorber or 10 j/kg of absorbing materials.

32. Reontgen
Is a unit of exposure and represents the amount of x-rays or gamma radiation required to produce ions carrying one electrostatic unit of charge of either in 1 cc or dry air under standard conditions

33. Curie (Ci)
Unit of radioactivity defined as the quantity of any substance in which the number of disintegration per second equals x 1010.

34. Roentgen Equivalent Man (REM)
The unit of dose equivalent. The dose equivalent in rems is numerically equal to the absorbed dose in rads multiplied by the quality factor, the distribution factor, and other necessary modifying factors.

35. SIEVERT (Sv) Special name for the SI unit of dose .
One Sievert = 100 rem

36. Summary

37. Hand and forearms, feet and ankles
Permissible Dosage
Rems per calender year
Whole body: head and trunk; active blood-forming organs; lens of eyes or gonads
5 Rem
Hand and forearms, feet and ankles
75 Rem
Skin of whole body
30 Rem