1. Map Projections & Types of maps
AP Human Geography

2. Map projections

3. Map projections
Cartographers have to deal with the problem of making maps of a spherical earth onto a flat surface  this leads to distortions
Shape can be distorted
Distance between two points can increase or decrease
Relative size may be altered, areas can appear much larger than they really are
Direction can be distorted

4. Robinson projection

5. Robinson projection More accurately shows the area near the poles
Used to show proportions of land to water
Distorts cardinal directions and distance

6. Mercator projection
Used primarily for navigation since it is easiest to plot direction
Increased distortion the further away from the equator
Makes the North look much larger

7. Gall-peters projection

8. Gall-peters projection
Focuses more on land area accuracy
More accurately shows southern hemisphere as larger than northern hemisphere
Areas near the poles are stretched horizontally

9. Goode Homolosine projection

10. Goode homolosine projection) “Orange Peel”
Normally it is presented with multiple interruptions. Its equal-area property makes it useful for presenting spatial distribution.
Disadvantage – breaks in continuity or interruptions

11. Polar Projection

13. Types of maps

14. Maps as a tool to understand spatial patterns
Maps can give insight to how a phenomenon is occurring and provide the starting point for understanding the why
Example: A doctor figures out why a group of specific people are getting cholera by using a map to see they were all living in the same general area and using the same water pumps, which were causing the cholera outbreak

15. Choropleth maps
A map showing quantity by area. It uses shades of colors to show intervals

16. Cartogram Map Size represents a given number value
Good for comparing the amount of any given subject.
Comparing Republican verse Democratic votes

17. Isoline maps
A map that is used to display distributions. It consists of lines that connect to show equal value

18. Proportional (graduated) circle maps
Shows location and amount
Of a given subject

19. Dot maps

20. Graphic Information System( (GIS)
Use of technology, GPS, Google Streets etc. to show layers of information

21. Mental Map

22. Caution: maps can be deceiving!
Every map is flawed in some way
Cartographers can be wrong, include inaccurate data, or make you perceive something differently that they want you to see by distorting the map

23. Tricky Question
The Bible Belt is an region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative evangelical Protestantism plays a strong role in society and politics, and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average.
Functional/Nodal
Formal
Perceptual/Vernacular