1. Principles of Chemistry
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2. CHEMISTRY
Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions.
Organic chemistry is the study of substances that contain carbon.
Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry dealing with compounds lacking carbon.

4. MATTER A. Elements B. Atoms C. Molecules
Composed of a single part or unit
Cannot be reduced to a simpler form
90 naturally occurring elements
B. Atoms
Smallest particle of an element
C. Molecules
Elemental molecules
Compound molecules

8. Covalent Bonds

9. Covalent Bonds

12. MATTER D. States of Matter
Solids—have a definite shape, volume, and weight (e.g., ice).
Liquids—have volume and weight, but not a definite shape. (e.g., water)
Gases—do not have a definite volume or shape (e.g., steam).

13. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
A. Physical Properties
Color
Odor
Weight
Density
Melting point
Specific gravity
Boiling point
Hardness
B. Chemical Properties
Determined by a chemical reaction and cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance

14. density

16. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
C. Physical Change
Changes the form without forming a new substance
D. Chemical Change
causes a new substance to be formed having properties different from the original.

17. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
E. Pure Substances
Matter with fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties
Elemental molecules
Chemical compounds

18. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
F. Physical Mixtures
Ingredients that do not change their properties
Solution
Solute
Solvent
Miscible liquids (MIS-uh-bul)
Immiscible liquids
Suspension
Emulsion
Surfactants (sur-FAK-tants)
oil-in-water emulsion (o/w)
water-in-oil emulsion (w/o)

19. Solution, Solute, & Solvent

23. Miscible liquids (MIS-uh-bul) & Immiscible liquids

24. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
G. Other Physical Mixtures
Ointments, pastes, pomades, styling waxes
Powders
H. Common Product Ingredients
Alcohol
Alkanolamines (al-kan-oh-LAH-mynz)
Ammonia
Glycerin
Silicones
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Formaldehyde (formalin)

25. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
I. Potential Hydrogen (pH) and Ions
Ionization (eye-ahn-ih-ZAY-shun)
Ion
Anion (AN-eye-on)
ie. sulfate anion: SO42-
Cation (KAT-eye-un)
Ie. NH4+
J. Water & pH
Hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic.
Hydroxide ion (OH) is alkaline.

26. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
K. The pH Scale
A scale of 0 to 14
7—a neutral solution
Below 7—an acidic solution
Above 7—an alkaline solution
Pure water—pH of 7
Hair and skin—pH of 5

27. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
L. Acids
have a pH below 7.0.
taste sour.
turn litmus paper from blue to red.
contract and harden hair.
M. Alkalies (AL-kuh-lyz)
are also called a base.
have a pH above 7.0.
taste bitter.
turn litmus paper from red to blue.
feel slippery and soapy on the skin.
soften and swell hair.

28. LEO says GER
Losing Electrons is Oxidation, and the substance that loses electrons is called the reducing agent.
Gaining Electrons is Reduction, and the substance that gains electrons is called the oxidizing agent.

29. Blue couplers include 1,3-diaminobenzene and its derivatives.
Kevlar
PPD
Hydrogen Peroxide
Blue couplers include 1,3-diaminobenzene and its derivatives.
Red couplers include phenols and naphthols, such as 3-aminophenol (CAS# ), 5-amino-2-methylphenol (CAS# ) and 1-naphthol (CAS# ). The combination of 2,5-diaminotoluene with the coupler 3-aminophenol gives a magenta-brown dye, while the combination of 2,5-diaminotoluene with the coupler 1-naphthol gives a purple dye.
Yellow-green couplers include resorcinol, 4-chlororesorcinol, and benzodioxoles. These compounds produce broad-band absorption when they react to form dyes, allowing for more natural-looking hair colors. The combination of 2,5-diaminotoluene with the coupler resorcinol gives a greenish brown dye.
Indophenol
Commonly used to produce black, drab and warm browns, and shades of blonde and gray hair dyes.
2,5-Diaminotoluene

30. The first step shows the oxidation of p-phenylenediamine to the quinonediimine (C6H4(NH)2):
 The second step involves the attack of this quinonediimine on the coupler. In organic chemistry, this reaction is calledelectrophilic aromatic substitution:
In the third and final step, the product from the quinonediimine-coupler reaction oxidizes to the final hair dye.
This reaction imparts a permanent color on hair is because it produces a larger dye molecule, which is locked inside the hair.

31. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
N. Oxidation
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions
Exothermic (ek-soh-THUR-mik)
Combustion
O. Reduction Reactions
Oxidation
Reduction
Oxidizing Agent
P. Redox (reduction and oxidation) reactions

32. CHEMISTRY SUMMARY
The science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions is called chemistry.
Matter is anything that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties, and exists as either a solid, liquid, or gas.
Matter can be changed either physically or chemically.