1. Teacher Earth Science Education Programme
PARTNERS
PRINCIPAL
PLATINUM
This slide must be displayed before talk commences
GOLD

2. Teacher Earth Science Education Programme
PARTNERS
SILVER
The Australian National University
Department of Primary Industries, Vic
Pitney Bowes Business Insight
PowerWorks
Queensland Resources Council
Rob Kirk Consultants
The University of Sydney
University of Tasmania
BRONZE
Anglo Coal
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
CS Energy
Department of Sustainability and Environment, Vic
Essential Petroleum
Flinders University
Gordon Wakelin King
Great Artesian Basin Coordinating Committee
Hot Dry Rocks
Macquarie University
Sandy Menpes
Monash Energy
Museum Victoria
Our Water Our Future, Vic
Petroleum Geo-Services
Primary Industries and Resources SA
Stanwell Corporation
Velseis
ZeroGen
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3. Teacher Earth Science Education Programme
Round and Round with Rocks
Tracey Lawson
Queensland Resources Council
Manager, Teacher Professional Development
Greg McNamara
TESEP
Executive Officer
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4. Round and Round with Rocks
In this session:
Geological Time Scale
Plate Tectonics
Rock Cycle
Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary Rocks
Principles of Stratigraphy
Geological Cross-sections
Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks
Resources
THIS PAGE SETS THE SCENE

5. Image Courtesy of USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/time.html
Deep time
What is geological time?
The age of planet Earth
Close to 4.6 billion years
Absolute dates based on
Based on radioactive decay
Tight correlation with radiometric dates
Relative dates based on
Sequences in the rock record
Layering, Fossils, Cross-cutting
Correlations
Image Courtesy of USGS
Activities
Rock Back in Time (Down to Earth)
Geological Time Scale Interactive
Animations
Evolution Animation
THIS SLIDE DEFINES DEEP TIME
It should be emphasised that time has not varied BUT the rate of evolutionary change has.
Only the last 700Ma are usually highlighted due to the biocentric view point created by hardpart fossilisation.
Good extra information at:
IMAGE SOURCE: USGS

6. Image Courtesy of USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/time.html
THIS SLIDE IS A NICE CLOSE UP
IMAGE SOURCE: USGS
Image Courtesy of USGS

7. Image and additional information from:
THIS IMAGE ALLOWS US TO SHOW HOW THE TIME SCALE IS DIVIDED UP AND ALSO ALLOWS US TO HIGHLIGHT THE ABSOLUTE DATES
This is a good point to also mention that this is a living document that changes – names and dates – as new information and better techniques amend our understanding and redefine time periods
Image and additional information from:
University of Calgary – geoscience department
ALSO
The GA site
has an excellent poster in pdf form that can be downloaded for free. It is the latest AUSTRALIAN timescale and has a host of other associated climate and geological information.
This poster has been provided in print form for TESEP to distribute to workshop attendees and the A1 pdf is also on the CD of resource materials.
Image Courtesy University of Calgary

8. Plate Tectonics
Theory to explain observed evidence for large scale motions of the Earth’s lithosphere
Activities
Science of Mining (p13 – 19)
AGSO/USGS Plate Tectonic Model
Biscuit Plate Tectonics
Hand Model
Animations
Plate Boundaries
THIS SLIDE HIGHLIGHTS HOW MUCH OF HISTORY IS WITHOUT A COMPLEX FOSSIL RECORD
Image Courtesy USGS

9. Rock Cycle
The geological processes that form rocks is cyclical. Each type of sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic rock can be changed into each other type of rock. This is known as the rock cycle.
Experiments
Investigating the rock cycle (SoM p36 – 37)
Science Rocks (p26 – 28)
Activities
Rocky recipes (SR p24 – 25)
Interactive Animation
Animation
Activity
The animation shows American examples of landscapes formed by erosion. Use the internet and other resources to find Australian examples of these landscapes.
THIS SLIDE ALLOWS THE PRESENTER TO INTRODUCE TO THE TALK THE EVIDENCE AVAILABLE TO GEOLOGISTS TO DETERMINE CLIMATIC INFORMATION FROM DEEP TIME
Image Courtesy of:

10. Sedimentary rocks Formed when sediments are cemented together
THIS SLIDE INTRODUCES SOME OF THE KEY EVIDENCE USED BY GEOLOGISTS TO INVESTIGATE CLIMATES THROUGH DEEP TIME
EXAMPLES FROM ROCKS:
Red beds: Wide spread sedimentary rocks that have a distinctive red colour. The red colour, mainly as the iron oxide mineral haematite, can be derived from a variety of sources but can be formed (as sediments are deposited) by the dehydration of the common hydrous iron oxides such as goethite and limonite. This process can only occur in soils where dry, well drained conditions prevail most of the time. Can be used to interpret an arid or very seasonal climate. CARE must be taken to ensure the redness has this origin and is not from secondary processes in buried rocks.
Tillites: deposits formed from deposition from melting glacial tongues and icebergs. Clearly indicates a cold climate with lots of ice around.
Minerals: Abundant feldpar in sedimentary rocks can, in conjunction with other evidence, be used to imply an arid environment. Ikaite and Geldonite are unusual carbonate minerals that can only form at temperatures near the freezing point of water and thus their presence in sediments is indicative of prevailing cold climate conditions. See
EXAMPLES FROM FOSSILS:
Many animals and plants are restricted to certain climate zones and therefore their fossils are indicative of the prevailing climate.
An example from Australia: Dinosaur, mammal and plant fossils from Souther Victoria found in rocks that were 80 degrees South indicate the polar regions at 100Ma were much warmer than today.
Another Australian example: Mammal fossils from central Australia together with other fossils indicate time about 20Ma when it was wet and humid, not dry and arid.
EXAMPLES FROM ISOTOPES:
Oxygen isotope fraction: O18-O16 ratios vary through time. Seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18; this disparity increases at lower temperatures.[85] During periods of lower global temperatures, snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16, and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate. We can also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of thousands of years old.
Sedimentary rocks
Formed when sediments are cemented together
Experiments
Weathering (Physical and Chemical Act 1 - ESEU)
Deposition Demo
Lithification of Sediments (Act 4 – ESEU)
Making conglomerate
Activities
Sedimentary Rock Vodcast
Rocky Road Conglomerate
Animations
Image Courtesy of

11. Principles of stratigraphy
THIS SLIDE ALLOWS THE AUDIENCE TO SEE HOW CLIMATE HAS CHANGED THROUGH DEEP BUT ALSO ALLOWS US TO DISCUSS WHY THE EVIDENCE IS HARDER TO FIND AND INTERPRET THE FURTHER BACK IN TIME ONE GOES.
Good time to talk about data resolution.
IMAGE SOURCE: - GM
Principles of stratigraphy
Principle of Superposition
oldest layers on the bottom
Principle of Original Horizontality
all layers were originally deposited horizontally
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
anything that crosses over something else must be the youngest e.g. intrusions, faults
Principle of Inclusions
anything included in something else must be older than the thing in which it is included e.g. sedimentary rocks, stoping
Principle of causality
an event cannot precede its cause

12. Image Courtesy of http://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/maps.htm
Geological cross-sections
Diagrams that show the patterns of rocks as they would exist under the Earth’s surface; can be interpreted to determine the geological events that occurred in the region
Activities
A slice of geological cake
Drawing cross-sections from drill core data
Using 3-D GIS model on OresomeResources.com
Animations
THIS SLIDE FOCUSES ON THE LAST 500MY WHERE DATA RESOLUTION IS BETTER
Also good time to mention this graph generated mostly from Oxygen Isotope ratio data
Image from: ge_Rev_png
Image Courtesy of

13. Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic Rocks
THIS SLIDE ALLOWS US TO TALK ABOUT A TIME WITH A SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CLIMATE
So why was the Cretaceous climate so warm?
Plate Tectonics
The different land-sea configurations provide a partial explanation. In the middle Cretaceous, sea level was higher than at any other time during the past 250 million years. The greater proportion of continental surface covered by seawater resulted in reduced seasonal variations in temperature because of the lower surface albedo and greater thermal capacity of water. Seaways covering the Arctic, West Antarctica, and parts of East Antarctica also provided a means for heat transport to both poles throughout the year. With Australia against Antarctica and the Drake Passage closed, ocean surface currents sourced in the tropics reached further poleward than they do today, providing an additional moderating effect on Antarctic climate.
Greenhouse gases
Computer simulations of Cretaceous climate indicate that radiative warming caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations (principally CO2) [were more important than paleogeography in explaining Cretaceous global warmth (9). Estimates of Cretaceous pCO2 generally range from four to eight times preindustrial values, and some intervals, such as the Turonian- Coniacian , may have exceeded this amount severalfold (perhaps explaining the warming spike observed for that time). Climate models have revealed, however, that although CO2-induced warming can approximate globally averaged temperatures for the Cretaceous, the models predict steeper latitudinal temperature gradients (both warmer tropics and colder poles) than geologic data seem to allow. This has led some to suggest that the oceans played a greater role in transporting heat from the tropics to the poles than they do today, particularly through sinking of dense, saline waters formed in restricted low-latitude basins.
Anoxic events: See
See:
Also see: m
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
formed as a result of heat and pressure being applied to pre-existing rocks
Activities
Properties of MM Rocks (SOM p33-34)
Identifying MM Rocks
Crossword
Animations
Image Courtesy of

14. Igneous rocks Igneous Rocks Experiments Activities Animated Notes
THIS SLIDE ALLOWS US TO TALK ABOUT A TIME WITH A SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CLIMATE
So why was the Cretaceous climate so warm?
Plate Tectonics
The different land-sea configurations provide a partial explanation. In the middle Cretaceous, sea level was higher than at any other time during the past 250 million years. The greater proportion of continental surface covered by seawater resulted in reduced seasonal variations in temperature because of the lower surface albedo and greater thermal capacity of water. Seaways covering the Arctic, West Antarctica, and parts of East Antarctica also provided a means for heat transport to both poles throughout the year. With Australia against Antarctica and the Drake Passage closed, ocean surface currents sourced in the tropics reached further poleward than they do today, providing an additional moderating effect on Antarctic climate.
Greenhouse gases
Computer simulations of Cretaceous climate indicate that radiative warming caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations (principally CO2) [were more important than paleogeography in explaining Cretaceous global warmth (9). Estimates of Cretaceous pCO2 generally range from four to eight times preindustrial values, and some intervals, such as the Turonian- Coniacian , may have exceeded this amount severalfold (perhaps explaining the warming spike observed for that time). Climate models have revealed, however, that although CO2-induced warming can approximate globally averaged temperatures for the Cretaceous, the models predict steeper latitudinal temperature gradients (both warmer tropics and colder poles) than geologic data seem to allow. This has led some to suggest that the oceans played a greater role in transporting heat from the tropics to the poles than they do today, particularly through sinking of dense, saline waters formed in restricted low-latitude basins.
Anoxic events: See
See:
Also see: m
Igneous rocks
Igneous Rocks
formed when molten material cools and crystallises above (extrusive) or below (intrusive) the Earth’s surface
Experiments
Heating and cooling igneous rocks (SR p29 and extension with BB)
Activities
Identifying igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks (SR p 55 – 57)
Animated Notes
Difference between intrusive and extrusive based on crystal size
Animation
Image Courtesy of

15. Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks
THIS SLIDE ALLOWS US TO TALK ABOUT A TIME WITH A SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CLIMATE
So why was the Cretaceous climate so warm?
Plate Tectonics
The different land-sea configurations provide a partial explanation. In the middle Cretaceous, sea level was higher than at any other time during the past 250 million years. The greater proportion of continental surface covered by seawater resulted in reduced seasonal variations in temperature because of the lower surface albedo and greater thermal capacity of water. Seaways covering the Arctic, West Antarctica, and parts of East Antarctica also provided a means for heat transport to both poles throughout the year. With Australia against Antarctica and the Drake Passage closed, ocean surface currents sourced in the tropics reached further poleward than they do today, providing an additional moderating effect on Antarctic climate.
Greenhouse gases
Computer simulations of Cretaceous climate indicate that radiative warming caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations (principally CO2) [were more important than paleogeography in explaining Cretaceous global warmth (9). Estimates of Cretaceous pCO2 generally range from four to eight times preindustrial values, and some intervals, such as the Turonian- Coniacian , may have exceeded this amount severalfold (perhaps explaining the warming spike observed for that time). Climate models have revealed, however, that although CO2-induced warming can approximate globally averaged temperatures for the Cretaceous, the models predict steeper latitudinal temperature gradients (both warmer tropics and colder poles) than geologic data seem to allow. This has led some to suggest that the oceans played a greater role in transporting heat from the tropics to the poles than they do today, particularly through sinking of dense, saline waters formed in restricted low-latitude basins.
Anoxic events: See
See:
Also see: m
Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
formed when magma cools and crystallises below the surface of the Earth
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
formed when lava cools on the surface of the Earth
Experiments
Crystal growing (SR p 58 – 59)
Affect of Temp on Crystal Growth (SoM p28)
Activities
Demo – A volcano in the lab (ESEU p20 – 21)
Coffee Intrusions
How silicate chemistry affects viscosity
AGSO/USGS Model Volcanoes
Image Courtesy of

16. THIS SLIDE ALLOWS US TO TALK ABOUT A TIME WITH A SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CLIMATE
So why was the Cretaceous climate so warm?
Plate Tectonics
The different land-sea configurations provide a partial explanation. In the middle Cretaceous, sea level was higher than at any other time during the past 250 million years. The greater proportion of continental surface covered by seawater resulted in reduced seasonal variations in temperature because of the lower surface albedo and greater thermal capacity of water. Seaways covering the Arctic, West Antarctica, and parts of East Antarctica also provided a means for heat transport to both poles throughout the year. With Australia against Antarctica and the Drake Passage closed, ocean surface currents sourced in the tropics reached further poleward than they do today, providing an additional moderating effect on Antarctic climate.
Greenhouse gases
Computer simulations of Cretaceous climate indicate that radiative warming caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations (principally CO2) [were more important than paleogeography in explaining Cretaceous global warmth (9). Estimates of Cretaceous pCO2 generally range from four to eight times preindustrial values, and some intervals, such as the Turonian- Coniacian , may have exceeded this amount severalfold (perhaps explaining the warming spike observed for that time). Climate models have revealed, however, that although CO2-induced warming can approximate globally averaged temperatures for the Cretaceous, the models predict steeper latitudinal temperature gradients (both warmer tropics and colder poles) than geologic data seem to allow. This has led some to suggest that the oceans played a greater role in transporting heat from the tropics to the poles than they do today, particularly through sinking of dense, saline waters formed in restricted low-latitude basins.
Anoxic events: See
See:
Also see: m
Field trip
To find out information about a field trip that would be useful in your local area, visit:
field trip

17. Useful resources CD Provided at this PD
THIS SLIDE ALLOWS US TO TALK ABOUT A TIME WITH A SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CLIMATE
So why was the Cretaceous climate so warm?
Plate Tectonics
The different land-sea configurations provide a partial explanation. In the middle Cretaceous, sea level was higher than at any other time during the past 250 million years. The greater proportion of continental surface covered by seawater resulted in reduced seasonal variations in temperature because of the lower surface albedo and greater thermal capacity of water. Seaways covering the Arctic, West Antarctica, and parts of East Antarctica also provided a means for heat transport to both poles throughout the year. With Australia against Antarctica and the Drake Passage closed, ocean surface currents sourced in the tropics reached further poleward than they do today, providing an additional moderating effect on Antarctic climate.
Greenhouse gases
Computer simulations of Cretaceous climate indicate that radiative warming caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations (principally CO2) [were more important than paleogeography in explaining Cretaceous global warmth (9). Estimates of Cretaceous pCO2 generally range from four to eight times preindustrial values, and some intervals, such as the Turonian- Coniacian , may have exceeded this amount severalfold (perhaps explaining the warming spike observed for that time). Climate models have revealed, however, that although CO2-induced warming can approximate globally averaged temperatures for the Cretaceous, the models predict steeper latitudinal temperature gradients (both warmer tropics and colder poles) than geologic data seem to allow. This has led some to suggest that the oceans played a greater role in transporting heat from the tropics to the poles than they do today, particularly through sinking of dense, saline waters formed in restricted low-latitude basins.
Anoxic events: See
See:
Also see: m
Useful resources
CD Provided at this PD
word documents, pdf files, website links
PESA posters and questions
Rock Cycle Game
Down to Earth, Oresome Froth, Unearth Your Future and various other materials on display

18. THIS SLIDE ALLOWS US TO TALK ABOUT A TIME WITH A SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CLIMATE
So why was the Cretaceous climate so warm?
Plate Tectonics
The different land-sea configurations provide a partial explanation. In the middle Cretaceous, sea level was higher than at any other time during the past 250 million years. The greater proportion of continental surface covered by seawater resulted in reduced seasonal variations in temperature because of the lower surface albedo and greater thermal capacity of water. Seaways covering the Arctic, West Antarctica, and parts of East Antarctica also provided a means for heat transport to both poles throughout the year. With Australia against Antarctica and the Drake Passage closed, ocean surface currents sourced in the tropics reached further poleward than they do today, providing an additional moderating effect on Antarctic climate.
Greenhouse gases
Computer simulations of Cretaceous climate indicate that radiative warming caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations (principally CO2) [were more important than paleogeography in explaining Cretaceous global warmth (9). Estimates of Cretaceous pCO2 generally range from four to eight times preindustrial values, and some intervals, such as the Turonian- Coniacian , may have exceeded this amount severalfold (perhaps explaining the warming spike observed for that time). Climate models have revealed, however, that although CO2-induced warming can approximate globally averaged temperatures for the Cretaceous, the models predict steeper latitudinal temperature gradients (both warmer tropics and colder poles) than geologic data seem to allow. This has led some to suggest that the oceans played a greater role in transporting heat from the tropics to the poles than they do today, particularly through sinking of dense, saline waters formed in restricted low-latitude basins.
Anoxic events: See
See:
Also see: m
Useful Websites

19. Putting it together Creating a unit of work for your classroom
THIS SLIDE ALLOWS US TO TALK ABOUT A TIME WITH A SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CLIMATE
So why was the Cretaceous climate so warm?
Plate Tectonics
The different land-sea configurations provide a partial explanation. In the middle Cretaceous, sea level was higher than at any other time during the past 250 million years. The greater proportion of continental surface covered by seawater resulted in reduced seasonal variations in temperature because of the lower surface albedo and greater thermal capacity of water. Seaways covering the Arctic, West Antarctica, and parts of East Antarctica also provided a means for heat transport to both poles throughout the year. With Australia against Antarctica and the Drake Passage closed, ocean surface currents sourced in the tropics reached further poleward than they do today, providing an additional moderating effect on Antarctic climate.
Greenhouse gases
Computer simulations of Cretaceous climate indicate that radiative warming caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations (principally CO2) [were more important than paleogeography in explaining Cretaceous global warmth (9). Estimates of Cretaceous pCO2 generally range from four to eight times preindustrial values, and some intervals, such as the Turonian- Coniacian , may have exceeded this amount severalfold (perhaps explaining the warming spike observed for that time). Climate models have revealed, however, that although CO2-induced warming can approximate globally averaged temperatures for the Cretaceous, the models predict steeper latitudinal temperature gradients (both warmer tropics and colder poles) than geologic data seem to allow. This has led some to suggest that the oceans played a greater role in transporting heat from the tropics to the poles than they do today, particularly through sinking of dense, saline waters formed in restricted low-latitude basins.
Anoxic events: See
See:
Also see: m
Putting it together
Creating a unit of work for your classroom
Sequence of activities
Assessment ideas
Field Work
Other useful resources
OresomeResources
Science Rocks (QRC Publication)
Science of Mining (QRC Publication)
Teaching the Dynamic Earth (ESEU / UKOOA Publication)

20. Geoscience Pathways
TESEP uses this fabulous website to distribute materials
ALL TESEP MATERIALS WILL EVENTUALLY GO ON LINE HERE
TEACHERS CAN ALSO USE THIS SITE AS A PLACE TO PLACE THEIR OWN MATERIALS

21. Please partner! Executive Officer, Greg McNamara
TESEP will only succeed in the long term if we continue to grow our partnerships
Contact either
Executive Officer, Greg McNamara
Chairperson, Jill Stevens
to discuss the options

22. Partners TESEP wishes to thank the following partners PRINCIPAL
PLATINUM
GOLD

23. Partners SILVER BRONZE The Australian National University
Department of Primary Industries, Vic
Pitney Bowes Business Insight
PowerWorks
Queensland Resources Council
Rob Kirk Consultants
The University of Sydney
University of Tasmania
BRONZE
Anglo Coal
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
CS Energy
Department of Sustainability and Environment, Vic
Essential Petroleum
Flinders University
Gordon Wakelin King
Great Artesian Basin Coordinating Committee
Hot Dry Rocks
Macquarie University
Sandy Menpes
Monash Energy
Museum Victoria
Our Water Our Future, Vic
Petroleum Geo-Services
Primary Industries and Resources SA
Stanwell Corporation
Velseis
ZeroGen

24. TESEP Also wishes to thank: Australian Geoscience Council
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
Geoscience Australia
Minerals Council Australia

25. Thank you