1. Health Statistics
卫生统计学

2. Teaching Group Chuanhua Yu（宇传华），Professor Jing Sun （孙静）， Lecture
Lu Ma （马露） ， Lecture

3. Textbook Book
《卫生统计学 》（第六版），2008.5
主编： 方积乾
出版：人民卫生出版社
《卫生统计学学习指导 》

4. Reference Books
Bowers David. Medical Statistics from Scratch:An Introduction for Health Professionals (Second Edition). John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2008.
LE CHAP T. Introductory Biostatistics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003.
Petrie Aviva, Sabin Capoline. Medical Statistics at glance. Blackwell Science Ltd.,2000.
方积乾主编.生物医学研究的统计方法. 北京：高等教育出版社，2007.6（ISBN： ），604页 4

5. Method of learning
Preparation
Attending
Recording
Reviewing
Practice

6. Exercise requirements
Translation
Writing in English
Detailed process
Submit on time

7. Chapter 1
Introduction 绪论

8. Contents Statistics & Health statistics Types of data
Basic concepts of statistics

9. New words Statistics 统计学 Biostatistics 生物统计学 Health statistics 卫生统计学
Quantitative data
Qualitative data
Numerical data
Categorical data
统计学
生物统计学
卫生统计学
定量数据
定性数据
数值型数据
分类型数据

10. Continuous data
Discontinuous data
Discrete data
Binary data
Ordinal data
Nominal data
Variable
Random event
Probability
连续型数据
非连续型数据
离散型数据
二分类数据
顺序型数据
名义型数据 变量
随机事件 概率

11. Population
Sample
Sample size
Random sampling
Sampling error
Parameter
Statistic
Descriptive analysis
Inferential analysis 总体 样本
样本量
随机抽样
抽样误差 参数
统计量
描述分析
推断分析

12. 1,What is statistics? status state Data analysis statistics
Latin word
state
English word
Data analysis
statistics
Data collection
Data interpretation
Conclusion evaluation
modern
Data collection
Data interpretation
classical

13. Basic idea of statistics
City A City B
Data collection: 100 students students
30 short-sight short-sight
Interpretation: 30% abnormal 20% abnormal
Conclusion: The eyesight of students in city A
are bad than those in city B.
Evaluation:
1) Is this conclusion correct?
2) What is the reliability (可信度) of the conclusion?

14. Statistics （统计学）: It is a branch of applied mathematics that refers to the collection and interpretation of data, and evaluation of the reliability of the conclusions based on the data.

15. Biostatistics （生物统计学）: It is a branch of the statistics, in which the data are derived from the biological sciences and medicine.

16. Health Statistics It is a branch of the statistics, in which the data are derived from the medical researches about health care, health services, diseases prevention etc.

17. Application of data analysis in the medical research
What is the average birth-weight of infants born in Hubei province?
Is there any differences of curative effect between two types of medicine?
Which risk factors impact on the occurring of stomach cancer?
How to predict the likelihood of recovery from a disease (prognosis of a disease)?

18. Example of detecting a complex relationship between factors
social economic status
environment
physical
activity
eating
drinking
smoking
life style
endogeneous
factors
endured
glucose
blood
pressure
weight
cholesterol
diabetes
coronary heart disease
diseases

19. The position of statistical analysis in medical research
improved knowledge
doctor
feedback
statistical
analysis
evaluate
treatment
patients
data

20. An important and necessary course for medicine students
It is an important & useful tool for enhancing the personal ability of medical research;
It is also a necessary subject, like the medical imaging, taken part in an important role for improving the medical science.

21. History of statistics
Beginning in 17th century, it is an application branch of probability theory.
Calculators (60 decade of 20th) made the basic statistical analysis more applicable.
Computers (80 decade of 20th) made the multi-variate statistical analysis more applicable

22. 2, Types of data Data （数据）:
It is an information derived from the different measuring devices.

23. Source of data Routine records Surveyed records Experimental records
External information

24. Types of data data Continuous ( 连续) Discontinuous (非连续) Discrete (离散)
Quantitative(定量)
Numerical(数值)
data
Categorical(分类)
Qualitative(定性)
Ordinal ( 顺序)
Nominal (名义)

25. Quantitative or numerical data
Quantitative / numerical data
（定量 / 数值数据）:
It is the data with unit (or scale) and origin .
eg, blood pressure --- continuous
white blood cells --- discrete

26. Qualitative or categorical data
（定性 / 分类数据）:
It is the data without unit (or scale) and origin .
eg, sex binary (二分类)
likeness ordinal (有序多分类)
occupation nominal (无序多分类)

27. 3, Basic concepts of statistics
Variable（变量）:
It is a set of data observed from different persons, place, things, etc, and it describes a certain characteristic.

28. Data and variable id sex age weight height health 1 m 25 70 1.75 a 2 f21 57
1.66 b 3 28 55
1.6 4 23 79
1.7 c 5 29 60
1.77

29. Event & random event Event （事件）:
Suppose something has k different outcomes, and only one outcome can occurs at a time, then each possible outcome is called as an event.
eg, tossing a two-sides coin: head or tail.

30. Random event （随机事件）: If the outcome of an event is unknown before trial, then this event is called as a random event.
eg, throwing a 6-side die: 1,2,3,4,5,6.

31. Probability （概率）: It is a measure of the likelihood of a random event occurring, using “P” represents it, and 0≤P≤1.

32. 1) tossing a two-sides coin: head or tail.
P (head facing up) = 1/2
2) throwing a six-sides die: 1,2,3,4,5,6 faces. 1 2 3
P (number ‘6’ facing up) = 1/6

33. Population population full data set : X1,X2,…,XN research target
conclusions
population
full data set :
X1,X2,…,XN
The blood glucose
concentration of
female aged 25-39
in Hubei province
The weight of
boys aged 5-10 year olds in Wuhan city.

34. Population （总体）: All collection of measurements about which one wish to draw conclusions.

35. Sample small population population large population sample
subset of data:
x1,x2,…,xn

36. Sample （样本）: It is a subset of population, and the conclusions about the population can be drawn from it. Sample size （样本量）: n The number of individual observations in a sample.

37. Random sample sample A subset of population Random sample
The conclusions about the population can be drawn from the sample.
Random sampling
Each member of the population has an equal chance to be selected
The selection of any member
from population does not influence the selection of any other member.
equal chance
independent each other

38. Random sample （随机样本）: Each member of the population has an equal chance to be selected and all samples are independent each other.

39. How to draw a random sample?
There are many methods to draw a random sample, for example:
Simple random sampling
System random sampling
Clustering random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Random
numbers

40. Table of random numbers
Example: random sampling 10 students from a class with 70 students.
Assign each student in the classroom a unique number from 1 to 70.
Determine the beginning 2-digits number to be used on the random number table, eg, 1st row and 6th column, the 2-digits number is 76.
Read the random numbers from the beginning number, if the random number >70 or =0, then jump to next number, otherwise, record the number in a paper, if the number is repeated appearing, also jump to next number, do this until a total of 10 different random numbers between 1-70 are recorded.
Select the students who has the recorded random number. ie,. The 10 students are those who have the random numbers: 52, 01, 35, 16, 67, 23, 48, 11, 37, 24.

41. Parameter and statistic
population
sample
Parameter (参数)
Statistic(统计量)
population mean
sample mean

42. What is a good estimate of parameter?
statistic
unknown
known
good estimate
unbiased
precision
consistent

43. systematic error(系统误差)
Types of error
systematic error(系统误差)
----avoidable
error
random error（随机误差）
----unavoidable
Difference between true and estimate.

44. Sampling error （抽样误差）: A type of random error, it is due to the random sampling and the variation between individuals. Random variable（随机变量）: A variable measured with random error. Fixed variable（固定变量）: A variable measured without random error.

45. Types of statistical analysis
Descriptive analysis (描述分析)
Collect data
Interpretation of data (draw conclusion)
Inferential analysis (推断分析)
Evaluate the reliability of the conclusions

46. Summary Medical statistics Types of data Population and sample
Random sampling
Parameter and statistic
Random event & probability

47. Reading
《卫生统计学》
第一章 绪 论

48. The end